Analyze the methods and degrees of success of Russian political and social reform
from the period of Peter the Great (1689–1725) through Catherine the Great
(1762–1796).
Outline:
Thesis: In his time, Peter the Great succeeded in socially and politically reforming Russia through the building of St. Petersburg and changing Russia's capital from Moscow to his new city; but Catherine the Great was more successful than Peter because she was able to continue Peter's reforms while also expanding Russia's borders.
I. Peter the Great
A. socially changed Russia
1. built a new capital city
a. this new city was a center for his new ideas and social life
2. brought in Western ideas about art
B. politically changed Russia
1. moved the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg
2. the city had a port so it improved Russian trade
II. Catherine the Great
A. socially changed Russia
1. had more art brought into Russia than ever before
2. started the Smolny Institute, which admitted young girls
B. politically changed Russia
1. expanded Russia's borders
a. founded colonies in Germany
b. fully got Ukraine into the Russian Empire
III. Compare: Peter vs. Catherine
A. Peter brought good changes to Russia such as bringing in Western ideas and having a new
capital that exemplified these changes
B. Catherine brought changes inside of Russia like more art but she was also able to expand
the Russian Empire's borders; therefore making her more successful
Historians say that before Peter the Great, Russia was cut off from the rest of Europe. Because of Peter the Great and some of his followers, like Catherine the Great, Russia became a European power. There were some other rulers in between these two well-known powers, but none were successful in achieving the goals of Russia. In his time, Peter the Great succeeded in socially and politically reforming Russia through the building of St. Petersburg and changing Russia's capital from Moscow to his new city; but Catherine the Great was more successful than Peter because she was able to continue Peter's reforms while also expanding Russia's borders.
Peter the Great socially and politically reformed Russia for the better. Peter wanted to bring secular ideas from Western Europe to Russia; and he succeeded. He brought the arts, the sciences, and improved military strategies to his empire. He wanted to show off his new improvements of the nation, so he built St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg encompassed the new age of arts and learning that were coming to the Russian Empire, but also set up a new political aspect for the country. His new city was a port city, which allowed for new trade to come into Russia. His city was strategically placed so that Russia could become a world trade power. In hopes of bettering his empire, he made St. Petersburg the capital city.
Catherine the Great was the ruler who finally made Russia a European power. There were six other rulers between Peter the Great and Catherine the Great, but she was the only one to achieve the success that Peter had wanted. She continued Peter's social reforms by always bringing in new art work and education. Catherine even started the Smolny Institute for Girls during her reign. She also kept his political change of the capital city the same. But Catherine was able to make the Russian Empire a European power through her expansion of the nation's borders. She settled colonies in Germany and was able to completely absorb Ukraine into Russia. Catherine was a ruler who not only bettered her country but built on it.
Peter the Great and Catherine the Great can both be looked upon as successful rulers in Russian history. But Catherine would have to be known as the ruler with the more successful reign. During his time, Peter was the best ruler Russia had ever seen. He brought art and secular ideas to a country that had been completely secluded from the rest of Europe. Catherine, however, was able to build on Peter's success. She not only bettered her country, but made sure it became a power. Catherine's success would not have been possible without Peter's success, but nonetheless Catherine was the better ruler.
The Russian Empire was fundamentally made a European power through two rulers: Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. Peter came up with the ideas on how to make the Russian Empire succeed, but Catherine put his ideas into full effect. The two rulers seem to come as a package that would not be nearly as successful if you split the two apart. Peter and Catherine both were prosperous in making the Russian Empire a dominate world power.
Wednesday, January 26, 2011
Friday, January 21, 2011
Midterm Exam
FRQ #4
Outline:
Thesis: The Protestant Reformation severed any political ties between European countries such as, England and Spain; and allowed for countries, such as the Dutch Republic to separate from Spain, and prosper to become a dominant world power.
I. Discuss how Elizabeth brought back the Protestant faith in England (the Anglican Church) and this ruined any ties with Spain who was a Catholic country.
II. The Dutch prospered because they separated themselves from the rest of the Netherlands and Spain who was Catholic. They dominated trade and so forth.
III. Compare which country was the biggest winner from these changes
The Protestant Reformation occurred in many countries of Europe, causing major political and social changes. Spain, a top European power, was a strongly Catholic country which influenced many of its political aspects. England and the Dutch Republic were rising powers that benefited greatly from the Protestant Reformation. The Protestant Reformation severed any political ties between European countries such as, England and Spain; and allowed for countries, such as the Dutch Republic to separate from Spain, and prosper to become a dominant world power.
Spain and England lost connection when Henry VIII separated from the Catholic Church. However, under the rule of Mary I, also known as Bloody Mary, Catholic rule was restored to England. After Mary died and Elizabeth I claimed the throne to England, she restored the Anglican Church, a branch of Protestantism. Spain, being a Catholic country, sent the Spanish Armada to fight the English Navy in hopes of taking over England. Elizabeth had her navy ready and they defeated the Spanish Armada. After this, Spain's power decreased greatly while England's power continued to rise.
During the Protestant Reformation, the northern Netherlands decided to split from the rest of the Netherlands and Spain to become an independent country because they were Protestant and wanted to practice their religion freely. Spain, which was Catholic, controlled the Netherlands so northern Netherlands and Spain went to war. Northern Netherlands won, resulting in the creation of the Dutch Republic. The Dutch Republic prospered in the sixteenth century. Most banking and trade was run by the Dutch Republic so the country became an economic and social power. Spain's power continued to decline.
These effects caused by the Protestant Reformation lasted for much of the sixteenth century and for some, even longer. The English proved to be the most beneficial from the Reformation because their rising status continued well into the next few centuries. The Dutch Republic's power did not last as long. Eventually the Dutch Republic lost some of its prestige and power because the English began to take over trade. English power seeped into other areas of economics such as colonization.
The effects of the Protestant Reformation had major consequences for the political and social aspects of Europe. England proved to be a dominate power of the time, while Spain only suffered. The differences in religion started many wars and ultimately led to the downfall of certain nation, and the rise of others.
FRQ #3
Outline:
Thesis: Spain, the Dutch Republic, and England began colonies in the New World which led to an increase of global trade by England and new tensions about international relations between these three countries.
I. Spain had lots of exploration in South and Central America, barely any in North America. They stayed out of North America because the English were starting colonies in North America and they wanted to stay out of the way of the English
II. The Dutch Republic was prospering, especially in trade, so they decided to expand to colonies. They started New Amsterdam
III. The English joined in the race for colonization so they started colonies at Plymouth Rock and Jamestown. They also annexed New Amsterdam from the Dutch which resulted in bad relations with the Dutch.
European countries joined in a new race in the seventeenth: to colonize territories in the New World. The period of exploration resulted in Europeans powers racing to expand their countries. These new colonies, however, led to new problems between European countries. Spain, the Dutch Republic, and England began colonies in the New World which led to an increase of global trade by England and new tensions about international relations between these three countries.
Spain had lost some its power in the sixteenth century. In the seventeenth century, Spain was eager to gain some of it power back through colonization. Spain set up colonies in Central and South America for the most part. Spain did not try to gain territories in northern North America because England was beginning to colonize there. Spain had suffered major loses in the sixteenth century to Spain, and they did not want their power reduced even more. Tensions were still high between Spain and England, so Spain tried to better international relations by staying out of England's way.
The Dutch Republic had risen as a power in the sixteenth century. Their power was mostly gained through control of trade. The Dutch Republic expanded in the New World through the colony of New Amsterdam. England was colonizing North America at the same time, and annexed New Amsterdam and renamed it New York. The Dutch and the English went to war in what is known as the Anglo-Dutch wars. England came out on top, and was the new trade power. All throughout Europe; Africa; and now the Americas, the English were the dominate trade power.
The English started colonies at Plymouth Rock and Jamestown, and continued to expand throughout the eastern coast of North America. They annexed territories from other countries, such as New Amsterdam from the Dutch. Annexing territories made international relation's between some countries difficult, but no one could stop the English. The English were trading with most of Western Europe, parts of Asia (such as India), and even Africa.
Expansion was the theme of the seventeenth century. World powers looked to increase the size of their empire and their power. Spain, the Dutch Republic, and England all took part in colonization and expansion. England, however, dominated trade and was unable to be stopped.
DBQ
Outline:
Thesis: The participants of the Pilgrimage of Grace wanted to restore Catholicism to England because they feared being convicted for their faith; while those who opposed the movement, such as Thomas Cromwell or King Henry VIII, wanted the Catholic marchers to feel misinformed and outnumbered so that England would remain a Protestant country.
I. the concerns (that they want be able to practice their religion and that they will be convicted because they are Catholic) and goals (restore Catholicism and get rid of Cromwell) of the marchers; use documents 2, 5, 6, and maybe 3
II. still talk about the concerns of the marchers, more though about how they were fighting for a cause (maybe use documents 1 & 11)
III. the concerns (that their might be enough people who side with the rebels and then King Henry's and Cromwell's status will be threatened) and goals of the King and his people (to convince the general public that they are misinformed and that the King will forgive the commoners); use documents 7 & 9
The Pilgrimage of Grace was a direct result of King Henry VIII separating from the Roman Catholic Church. The idea of Protestantism was still new to England so man Catholic commoners rebelled against it. The Reformation was being led by Oliver Cromwell and King Henry VIII. The participants of the Pilgrimage of Grace wanted to restore Catholicism to England because they feared being convicted for their faith; while those who opposed the movement, such as Thomas Cromwell or King Henry VIII, wanted the Catholic marchers to feel misinformed and outnumbered so that England would remain a Protestant country.
The Pilgrimage of Grace took place for almost half a year in the sixteenth century. It occurred because Catholics did not want England to become a Protestant country. Marchers of the pilgrimage made proclamations before protesting. One proclamation stated that the marchers had to rely on each other, God, and faith because their monarchy had failed them (doc. 2). This shows that the marchers were fearful for their lives and knew they only had their faith and each other to rely on. An article from from a petition presented to the Kings Council written by Robert Aske, gentlemen, and Pontefract Castle said, "To have Thomas Cromwell, the Lord Chancellor, punished as a subverter of the good laws of this realm," (doc. 5). The marchers knew that Cromwell would continue to convict marchers and promote Protestantism. They tried convincing the King's Council that Cromwell was the one who should be persecuted, not them. Another document stated to an old member of Parliament, that Cromwell needed to be convicted or at least thrown out of the realm. The document also discussed the need to enforce a fair Parliament (doc. 6). The authors of this pamphlet were trying to exile all members of the Protestant Reformation so that they would not be found guilty.
The Pilgrimage of Grace was a type of counter reformation. The Catholics in England wanted to prove that Catholicism was the better religion, for fear of being convicted. One man, shortly before his execution, argued that the change from Catholicism to Protestantism was bad for the economy of the country. He said priests, farmers, and ministry members are no longer getting paid and that their money is going to the king (doc. 11). The marchers refused to give up on their cause because they were literally marching to save their lives. "The Oath of Honorable Men" had to be taken by marchers wanting to participate because they believed so strongly in their cause. The oath stated that they were marching for the betterment of England, the king, and themselves (doc. 1). The Catholics were fighting for their country.
Those opposing the movement of the Pilgrimage of Grace wanted to try and make the public think that they were misinformed about Protestantism. King Henry VIII wanted his new religion to flourish so he tried to make the public like him. In a document addressing the general population he said, "Nevertheless, the royal majesty, duly informed that your offenses proceeded from ignorance and false tales, is inclined to extend his most gracious pity and mercy towards you," (doc. 9). The king needed to seem as though he was going to forgive those who rebelled against because they did not know the truth about what they spoke. In actuality, another document from court records of the time showed that sixty-five percent of people tried for participating in the Pilgrimage of Grace were convicted (doc. 10). A writer for Thomas Cromwell wrote that those who were better to rule, such as Cromwell and King Henry VIII, should rule; and those who are of lesser value should listen and follow to the ideas of the better men (doc. 7).
The Pilgrimage of Grace showed the fight Catholics were making against Protestantism in the sixteenth century. The Catholics wanted their religion to remain dominant, because their religion was what they knew and they feared being convicted. Those who opposed the movement were mostly in places of power. King Henry VIII and Thomas Cromwell defended Protestantism and fought to keep the country united under one religion.
Outline:
Thesis: The Protestant Reformation severed any political ties between European countries such as, England and Spain; and allowed for countries, such as the Dutch Republic to separate from Spain, and prosper to become a dominant world power.
I. Discuss how Elizabeth brought back the Protestant faith in England (the Anglican Church) and this ruined any ties with Spain who was a Catholic country.
II. The Dutch prospered because they separated themselves from the rest of the Netherlands and Spain who was Catholic. They dominated trade and so forth.
III. Compare which country was the biggest winner from these changes
The Protestant Reformation occurred in many countries of Europe, causing major political and social changes. Spain, a top European power, was a strongly Catholic country which influenced many of its political aspects. England and the Dutch Republic were rising powers that benefited greatly from the Protestant Reformation. The Protestant Reformation severed any political ties between European countries such as, England and Spain; and allowed for countries, such as the Dutch Republic to separate from Spain, and prosper to become a dominant world power.
Spain and England lost connection when Henry VIII separated from the Catholic Church. However, under the rule of Mary I, also known as Bloody Mary, Catholic rule was restored to England. After Mary died and Elizabeth I claimed the throne to England, she restored the Anglican Church, a branch of Protestantism. Spain, being a Catholic country, sent the Spanish Armada to fight the English Navy in hopes of taking over England. Elizabeth had her navy ready and they defeated the Spanish Armada. After this, Spain's power decreased greatly while England's power continued to rise.
During the Protestant Reformation, the northern Netherlands decided to split from the rest of the Netherlands and Spain to become an independent country because they were Protestant and wanted to practice their religion freely. Spain, which was Catholic, controlled the Netherlands so northern Netherlands and Spain went to war. Northern Netherlands won, resulting in the creation of the Dutch Republic. The Dutch Republic prospered in the sixteenth century. Most banking and trade was run by the Dutch Republic so the country became an economic and social power. Spain's power continued to decline.
These effects caused by the Protestant Reformation lasted for much of the sixteenth century and for some, even longer. The English proved to be the most beneficial from the Reformation because their rising status continued well into the next few centuries. The Dutch Republic's power did not last as long. Eventually the Dutch Republic lost some of its prestige and power because the English began to take over trade. English power seeped into other areas of economics such as colonization.
The effects of the Protestant Reformation had major consequences for the political and social aspects of Europe. England proved to be a dominate power of the time, while Spain only suffered. The differences in religion started many wars and ultimately led to the downfall of certain nation, and the rise of others.
FRQ #3
Outline:
Thesis: Spain, the Dutch Republic, and England began colonies in the New World which led to an increase of global trade by England and new tensions about international relations between these three countries.
I. Spain had lots of exploration in South and Central America, barely any in North America. They stayed out of North America because the English were starting colonies in North America and they wanted to stay out of the way of the English
II. The Dutch Republic was prospering, especially in trade, so they decided to expand to colonies. They started New Amsterdam
III. The English joined in the race for colonization so they started colonies at Plymouth Rock and Jamestown. They also annexed New Amsterdam from the Dutch which resulted in bad relations with the Dutch.
European countries joined in a new race in the seventeenth: to colonize territories in the New World. The period of exploration resulted in Europeans powers racing to expand their countries. These new colonies, however, led to new problems between European countries. Spain, the Dutch Republic, and England began colonies in the New World which led to an increase of global trade by England and new tensions about international relations between these three countries.
Spain had lost some its power in the sixteenth century. In the seventeenth century, Spain was eager to gain some of it power back through colonization. Spain set up colonies in Central and South America for the most part. Spain did not try to gain territories in northern North America because England was beginning to colonize there. Spain had suffered major loses in the sixteenth century to Spain, and they did not want their power reduced even more. Tensions were still high between Spain and England, so Spain tried to better international relations by staying out of England's way.
The Dutch Republic had risen as a power in the sixteenth century. Their power was mostly gained through control of trade. The Dutch Republic expanded in the New World through the colony of New Amsterdam. England was colonizing North America at the same time, and annexed New Amsterdam and renamed it New York. The Dutch and the English went to war in what is known as the Anglo-Dutch wars. England came out on top, and was the new trade power. All throughout Europe; Africa; and now the Americas, the English were the dominate trade power.
The English started colonies at Plymouth Rock and Jamestown, and continued to expand throughout the eastern coast of North America. They annexed territories from other countries, such as New Amsterdam from the Dutch. Annexing territories made international relation's between some countries difficult, but no one could stop the English. The English were trading with most of Western Europe, parts of Asia (such as India), and even Africa.
Expansion was the theme of the seventeenth century. World powers looked to increase the size of their empire and their power. Spain, the Dutch Republic, and England all took part in colonization and expansion. England, however, dominated trade and was unable to be stopped.
DBQ
Outline:
Thesis: The participants of the Pilgrimage of Grace wanted to restore Catholicism to England because they feared being convicted for their faith; while those who opposed the movement, such as Thomas Cromwell or King Henry VIII, wanted the Catholic marchers to feel misinformed and outnumbered so that England would remain a Protestant country.
I. the concerns (that they want be able to practice their religion and that they will be convicted because they are Catholic) and goals (restore Catholicism and get rid of Cromwell) of the marchers; use documents 2, 5, 6, and maybe 3
II. still talk about the concerns of the marchers, more though about how they were fighting for a cause (maybe use documents 1 & 11)
III. the concerns (that their might be enough people who side with the rebels and then King Henry's and Cromwell's status will be threatened) and goals of the King and his people (to convince the general public that they are misinformed and that the King will forgive the commoners); use documents 7 & 9
The Pilgrimage of Grace was a direct result of King Henry VIII separating from the Roman Catholic Church. The idea of Protestantism was still new to England so man Catholic commoners rebelled against it. The Reformation was being led by Oliver Cromwell and King Henry VIII. The participants of the Pilgrimage of Grace wanted to restore Catholicism to England because they feared being convicted for their faith; while those who opposed the movement, such as Thomas Cromwell or King Henry VIII, wanted the Catholic marchers to feel misinformed and outnumbered so that England would remain a Protestant country.
The Pilgrimage of Grace took place for almost half a year in the sixteenth century. It occurred because Catholics did not want England to become a Protestant country. Marchers of the pilgrimage made proclamations before protesting. One proclamation stated that the marchers had to rely on each other, God, and faith because their monarchy had failed them (doc. 2). This shows that the marchers were fearful for their lives and knew they only had their faith and each other to rely on. An article from from a petition presented to the Kings Council written by Robert Aske, gentlemen, and Pontefract Castle said, "To have Thomas Cromwell, the Lord Chancellor, punished as a subverter of the good laws of this realm," (doc. 5). The marchers knew that Cromwell would continue to convict marchers and promote Protestantism. They tried convincing the King's Council that Cromwell was the one who should be persecuted, not them. Another document stated to an old member of Parliament, that Cromwell needed to be convicted or at least thrown out of the realm. The document also discussed the need to enforce a fair Parliament (doc. 6). The authors of this pamphlet were trying to exile all members of the Protestant Reformation so that they would not be found guilty.
The Pilgrimage of Grace was a type of counter reformation. The Catholics in England wanted to prove that Catholicism was the better religion, for fear of being convicted. One man, shortly before his execution, argued that the change from Catholicism to Protestantism was bad for the economy of the country. He said priests, farmers, and ministry members are no longer getting paid and that their money is going to the king (doc. 11). The marchers refused to give up on their cause because they were literally marching to save their lives. "The Oath of Honorable Men" had to be taken by marchers wanting to participate because they believed so strongly in their cause. The oath stated that they were marching for the betterment of England, the king, and themselves (doc. 1). The Catholics were fighting for their country.
Those opposing the movement of the Pilgrimage of Grace wanted to try and make the public think that they were misinformed about Protestantism. King Henry VIII wanted his new religion to flourish so he tried to make the public like him. In a document addressing the general population he said, "Nevertheless, the royal majesty, duly informed that your offenses proceeded from ignorance and false tales, is inclined to extend his most gracious pity and mercy towards you," (doc. 9). The king needed to seem as though he was going to forgive those who rebelled against because they did not know the truth about what they spoke. In actuality, another document from court records of the time showed that sixty-five percent of people tried for participating in the Pilgrimage of Grace were convicted (doc. 10). A writer for Thomas Cromwell wrote that those who were better to rule, such as Cromwell and King Henry VIII, should rule; and those who are of lesser value should listen and follow to the ideas of the better men (doc. 7).
The Pilgrimage of Grace showed the fight Catholics were making against Protestantism in the sixteenth century. The Catholics wanted their religion to remain dominant, because their religion was what they knew and they feared being convicted. Those who opposed the movement were mostly in places of power. King Henry VIII and Thomas Cromwell defended Protestantism and fought to keep the country united under one religion.
Friday, January 14, 2011
DBQ Exam Practice
Scientists in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were greatly affected by political, religious, and social factors. Most scientists wanted to discover new things about the Earth, the solar system, and humans but they did not want to upset a monarch, a religious leader, or any member of the higher class. It came to the point where scientists had to decide whether their scientific beliefs were worth risking their reputation. Certain religions of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, such as Catholicism, were against new scientific discoveries of the time like heliocentrism; while Calvinistic monks and followers, such as John Calvin; monarchies in this time period, such as Louis XIV; and philosophers, such as Thomas Hobbes, encouraged and promoted further scientific discovery.
Scientists had to make an ultimate decision between religion or scientific discovery. The Catholic Church's view supported geocentricism not heliocentricism. Scientist Nicholas Copernicus, the man who came up with the idea of heliocentricism, said in his book dedicated to Pope Paul III that he did fear criticism of the pope even though he had created an idea that went against that of the Church's. Despite being confident in his scientific discovery, he still wanted the pope to believe in his new idea (doc. 1). Giovanni Ciampoli, an Italian monk, told Galileo, an astronomer, in a letter that he needed to leave alone subjects such as heliocentricism and geocentricism because it was religious leaders' places to decide what was the truth and what was not (doc 3). John Calvin took the opposite view of the Catholic Church and said that astronomers searching for new answers was a positive thing. He said it only further showed the "admirable wisdom of God," (doc 2). The two religions showed very opposing views of how the religion and science should interact.
Most monarchs of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were in favor of furthering scientific discovery. Jean Baptiste Colbert, a finance minister under Louis XIV, stated that to get ahead in the race for arms France would being opening more academies for learning the arts and sciences (doc. 11). Monarchs and their workers of the time, positively affected the age of scientific discovery. Although monarchs and nation's leaders had different reasons for wanting new answers in science, they helped to encourage the scientists to keep working. A drawing in 1671 showcased Louis XIV visiting the French Royal Academy (doc. 10). This picture showed that French monarchs took scientific discovery very seriously. A monarch such as Louis XIV would not waste his time at somewhere that he thought would not yield results. Other members of high society demonstrated that science was in the best interest of a nation. Henry Oldenbury, Secretary of English Royal Society, said that truth was spread through friendship (doc. 6). He was implying that if monarchs and leaders are kind and generous to the scientists of their country then the scientists will be more likely to share their new discoveries with them.
Philosophers of this time period often wrote about the controversy between what is right and wrong, especially in the area of science. Thomas Hobbes wrote in Leviathan that men of mathematics and science did not care about what leaders wanted the truth to be. They cared about the actual truth, which would be suppressed if it went against leaders' beliefs (doc. 7). This was a major conflict for scientists of the time. Most scientists, such as Galileo, wanted to produce the truth but often if they did then they would be tormented by religious leaders. Some scientists like Galileo chose to deal with the consequences of publishing the truth while others never published the truth they found for fear of a bad reputation. Margaret Cavendish, a natural philosopher, was in support of science and said that she would open a school of science and learning if she was a man (doc. 9). Marin Mersenne, a French philosopher, agreed with the views of Galileo and tried to convince religious leaders to see the truth (doc. 5). Most philosophers had views like these three. They were in favor of science and did everything in their power to keep the truth alive.
Tuesday, January 11, 2011
Thesis Statements Practice for First Day Exam Review
1. Analyze the ways in which European monarchs used both the arts and the sciences to
enhance state power in the period circa 1500–1800.
European Monarchs, such as the Holy Roman Emperor and kings of Spain, turned against art and science if it did not support their religious view and therefore weakened their empire to advancement, such as the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor charging Galileo with heresy; while smaller leaders and families like the Medici in Italy supported the arts and sciences and were even patrons to the arts.
2. Analyze the various Protestant views of the relationship between church and state in
the period circa 1500–1700.
3. Analyze the various effects of the expansion of the Atlantic trade on the economy of
Western Europe in the period circa 1450–1700.
enhance state power in the period circa 1500–1800.
European Monarchs, such as the Holy Roman Emperor and kings of Spain, turned against art and science if it did not support their religious view and therefore weakened their empire to advancement, such as the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor charging Galileo with heresy; while smaller leaders and families like the Medici in Italy supported the arts and sciences and were even patrons to the arts.
2. Analyze the various Protestant views of the relationship between church and state in
the period circa 1500–1700.
3. Analyze the various effects of the expansion of the Atlantic trade on the economy of
Western Europe in the period circa 1450–1700.
First Free Response Practice for the Exam
4. Compare and contrast the economic factors responsible for the decline of Spain with
the economic factors responsible for the decline of the Dutch Republic by the end of
the seventeenth century.
Spain, along with the Dutch Republic, were strong world powers in the sixteenth century through the late seventeenth century. Economic factors came into play, and directly resulted in the decline of theses two empires. Government, war, and trade weakened both countries to a point where neither could survive as a top world power. Spain's Catholic views clashed with England's Anglican outlook and ultimately led to a naval war that brought about the downfall of Spain; while the Navigation Act of England destroyed the trade system of the Dutch Republic and led to its decline.
In the seventeenth century, Spain was a dominate world power under Catholic rule. Being a Catholic country meant supporting the Pope in all actions dealing with the Church. England, under Queen Elizabeth I's rule, was becoming more and more powerful. This posed a threat to Spain and the Catholic Church since England was a Protestant nation, specifically Anglican. Under the Pope's orders, Spain sent the Spanish Armada to fight the English navy. The Spanish Armada was defeated by the much smaller English navy, which ultimately began the downfall of Spain.
The Dutch Republic prospered in the seventeenth century. It was the world power for banking and trade, and showed no signs of stopping. The Dutch had access to most of the key European waterways, which meant trade was easy and successful. The country traded its own goods, along with other countries goods. The access of waterways allowed the Dutch to buy goods from certain countries and then use the goods to trade with even more countries. At the time, the Dutch Republic was the only nation the Japanese would trade with. However, the English Parliament created the Navigation Act. The first part of the act stated that any imports into England had to either come in on English ships or ships from the country where the goods came from. This seriously damaged the trade system of the Dutch Republic, so they went to war. These wars were known as the Anglo-Dutch wars, and it started the decline of the Dutch Republic's power.
The decline of both Spain and the Dutch Republic had in large part to do with the English. Both countries' downfalls came from war. The Spanish and English naval war was started because of religious differences between governments, while the Anglo-Dutch wars were started because of trade laws. After Spain lost to England, they never really regained their power. The Spanish Armada had been almost completely destroyed, and it never built itself back up. The Dutch did not maintain power for long after fighting with England because their trade system was not as successful because of the new laws. The Dutch also had to focus a lot of their energy and money on keeping away the invading French. The split money and effort all contributed to its downfall.
Spain and the Dutch Republic entered the seventeenth century as dominate world powers, but left the seventeenth century as defeated nations. The English conquered both empires and had a major part in the decline of the two nations. In the end, war with England led to the downfall of Spain and the Dutch Republic.
the economic factors responsible for the decline of the Dutch Republic by the end of
the seventeenth century.
Spain, along with the Dutch Republic, were strong world powers in the sixteenth century through the late seventeenth century. Economic factors came into play, and directly resulted in the decline of theses two empires. Government, war, and trade weakened both countries to a point where neither could survive as a top world power. Spain's Catholic views clashed with England's Anglican outlook and ultimately led to a naval war that brought about the downfall of Spain; while the Navigation Act of England destroyed the trade system of the Dutch Republic and led to its decline.
In the seventeenth century, Spain was a dominate world power under Catholic rule. Being a Catholic country meant supporting the Pope in all actions dealing with the Church. England, under Queen Elizabeth I's rule, was becoming more and more powerful. This posed a threat to Spain and the Catholic Church since England was a Protestant nation, specifically Anglican. Under the Pope's orders, Spain sent the Spanish Armada to fight the English navy. The Spanish Armada was defeated by the much smaller English navy, which ultimately began the downfall of Spain.
The Dutch Republic prospered in the seventeenth century. It was the world power for banking and trade, and showed no signs of stopping. The Dutch had access to most of the key European waterways, which meant trade was easy and successful. The country traded its own goods, along with other countries goods. The access of waterways allowed the Dutch to buy goods from certain countries and then use the goods to trade with even more countries. At the time, the Dutch Republic was the only nation the Japanese would trade with. However, the English Parliament created the Navigation Act. The first part of the act stated that any imports into England had to either come in on English ships or ships from the country where the goods came from. This seriously damaged the trade system of the Dutch Republic, so they went to war. These wars were known as the Anglo-Dutch wars, and it started the decline of the Dutch Republic's power.
The decline of both Spain and the Dutch Republic had in large part to do with the English. Both countries' downfalls came from war. The Spanish and English naval war was started because of religious differences between governments, while the Anglo-Dutch wars were started because of trade laws. After Spain lost to England, they never really regained their power. The Spanish Armada had been almost completely destroyed, and it never built itself back up. The Dutch did not maintain power for long after fighting with England because their trade system was not as successful because of the new laws. The Dutch also had to focus a lot of their energy and money on keeping away the invading French. The split money and effort all contributed to its downfall.
Spain and the Dutch Republic entered the seventeenth century as dominate world powers, but left the seventeenth century as defeated nations. The English conquered both empires and had a major part in the decline of the two nations. In the end, war with England led to the downfall of Spain and the Dutch Republic.
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