Friday, December 10, 2010

Google Map Pepy's Diary

http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=118215166848705488656.00049646f2ca5b811bd27&t=h&z=10
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Monday, December 6, 2010

Free Response Practice Test #1



"Why are the trials and tribulations of Galileo often considered both predicative of the future of Western Civilization as well as a perfect encapsulation of the context of his own time?"


           Galileo was man of many parts. Galileo dedicated his life to the sciences, and was later recognized as one of the founding fathers of modern science. He was faced with difficult decisions in life about science, religion, and loyalty but he ultimately choose what was right for himself. Galileo encompassed the future of science and the context of his own time through his trials and tribulations which included the invention of a new telescope, further supporting of the Copernican theory, and his choice to stand by heliocentrism instead of geocentricism which was ultimately a fundamental belief of the Catholic Church and made him a heretic.


           As a young boy, Galileo never dreamed of becoming a scientist. However, after studying to be a doctor while at a university he realized he was much more interested in the worlds of mathematics and science. Galileo went on to study and develop ideas about kinematics, the tides, and Copernicus' theory. He studied the acceleration of objects and all matters dealing with kinematics so thoroughly that he was later labeled the father of physics. However, Galileo made a huge contribution to the future of modern science with the invention of a new telescope. Galileo created a telescope with about 30x magnification which allowed for great study of earth, the skies, and eventually outer space. His telescope is often thought of as a terrestrial telescope, but it also allowed for an early view of the stars and planets. The magnification for which the telescope was able to reach was an example of the future of science because nothing that precise had ever been created before. Although, his telescope still reflected his own times because he only had so many tools from which to make his telescope. His scientific advancement was limited by the technology of his time.

          Galileo was a strong believer in Copernicus' theory. He agreed with scientist Nicholas Copernicus on his theory that the earth was not the center of the universe, but the sun was. By stating this belief, Galileo went against his own times because this theory clashed with the Catholic religion. He making the choice of science over religion. Galileo made his beliefs known and was always trying to provide new evidence in the favor of Copernicus' theory. This was a futuristic way of doing things since most men or women of the time would not have made public their ideas that went against the teaching of the Catholic Church. It could also be argued that Galileo was also a man of his time. He could be thought of as a religious revolutionary since he chose science over religion. All around Europe, religious revolutions were being started for different reasons. Why should science not be a reason? Galileo was summoned to the Catholic Inquisition, but he was able to avoid persecution since his friend was a bishop. This friend would later become Pope Urban VIII. Galileo was told though that he needed to stop his research into Copernicus' theory since it went against Catholic teaching. 
         
           Galileo continued on in his research, despite his close run in with the Inquisition. He was determined to prove that Copernicus was right. Galileo had made his own telescope, and through rigorous study and observation he knew the sun was the center of the universe, not the earth. He decided to write a book that showed his evidence in support of Copernicus' theory. The Catholic Church, however, learned that Galileo was writing a book. At the time, Pope Urban VIII and Galileo were no longer as close of friends since being pope demanded much of Pope Urban's time. Galileo was summoned again to the Inquisition, but his time he was persecuted as a heretic. He was forced to say that Copernicus' theory was incorrect, he was put on house arrest for the rest of his life, and any of his writings or future writings were banned from being published. But all of this did not stop Galileo. Galileo continued to write books and study astronomy, along with other sciences. Galileo was a revolutionary in this sense, and pointed towards modern times since he refused to let religion erase his beliefs. He was not a dumb man though, so he followed the rules of his house arrest and did not attempt to publish any of his works. Galileo was a perfect mix of the present and the future.

          Galileo was a revolutionary. He was also a man of his time. He had a myriad of ideas and theories, but he knew how to push the envelope with them, without actually bursting it. He tried to point to the future, while trying to maintain the ideas of the present. Galileo was able to maintain a mixture of present and future through his trials and tribulations because of his modern observations, his choice of science over religion, and his continuation of his beliefs. 



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Tuesday, November 23, 2010

Score of the Test

50/50
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Part 2 of The Test that Crushed My Life

48. Prince Henry the Navigator
49. Christopher Columbus
50. The Columbian Exchange
51. potatoes
52. Mercantilism
53. Joint-Stock Company
54. Protestant
55. True
56. Amsterdam
57. The Bank of Netherlands
58. no
59. Gutenberg
60. middle class
61. The House of Commons
62. Anglican
63. Stuarts
64. Presbyterians
65. 1603-1625
66. The Divine Right of Kings
67. Puritans
68. The Petition of Right
69. William Laud
70. Calvinists in Scotland
71. The Cavaliers
72. The Roundheads
73. Oliver Cromwell
74. The Petition of Right
75. Lord Protector
76. the Levellers
77. James II
78. The English Reformation
79. Thomas Hobbes
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Monday, November 22, 2010

The Test that Crushed My Life

1. Martin Luther
2. 95 Theses
3. Hapsburg
4. The cathedral
5. March 2, 1512 (freebie)
6.  faith (freebie)
7. the Bible
8. the Catholic church's hierarchy such as the Pope
9. the nobility
10. false
11. The German nobility
12. Catholicism
13. Lutheranism
14. The Peace of Augsburg
15. Luther went against the Catholic church which was the predominant religion, and stated what was wrong with and gathered his own congregation. He added another major religion to the fold.
16. Luther was a political conservative because he thought that church and state should work together so that the people and the king have the same religion.
17. John Calvin
18. Amsterdam
19. John Calvin (freebie)
20. Huguenots
21. King Henry VIII
22. Elizabeth I
23. Anabaptist
24. Pope Julius II
25. The Council of Trent
26. True
27. The Vulgate Bible
28. Ignatius Loyola
29. get rid of the hierarchy of the Catholic church
30. 17th century
31. Bernini
32. Phillip II
33. the Spanish Armada
34. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
35. The Edict of Nantes
36. 300
37. The Peace of Augsburg
38. The Protestant Union
39. The Catholic League
40. Catholic Church
41. Protestant
42. Catholic: Pope Julius II Protestant: Gustavus the Second
43. Gustavus Ferdinand 
44. The Peace of Westphalia
45. Alsace
46. Germany
47. France
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Tuesday, November 16, 2010

DBQ Format Quiz

1. range for possible grades: 0-9
2. highest grade with no thesis: 4
3. bare minimum of documents out of 12: 7
4. It is the understanding that whoever wrote the document might be partial to a certain group or idea so you need to say that they don't have total credibility.
5. Groupings are the key terms you use in your thesis that organize your essay.
6. dsghdgdj (doc. 5).
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Tuesday, November 2, 2010

Kaplan Key Terms: Chapter 3

  1. Roman Catholic Church: centered in Italy, run by the Pope, established because the Christian Church split in 1054

  1. Eastern Orthodox Church: In 1054, the Christian Church formally split into the Roman Catholic Church, centered in Italy, and the Eastern Orthodox Church, centered in Constantinople.

  1. Crusades: A series of wars fought in an attempt to capture the Holy Land from Muslims control. The Christian crusaders who survived brought back with them silks, porcelains, and spices, which introduced Europe to Asian goods. They also gained knowledge of Arabic medicine, science, and navigation, which were superior to European knowledge at the time.

  1. Bubonic Plague (Black Death): A deadly disease caused by a bacillus, which was carried by fleas living on black rats. It arrived in Italy from the Middle East in the middle of the 14th century and quickly spread  throughout Europe. The disease lasted for two to three years and killed around 30 percent of the population.
  1. Gunpowder: An invention that completely changed the Western world. The development of gunpowder led to warfare conducted with muskets and cannons rather than with bows and swords.
  1. Medici: Merchants in Florence who went into banking as the flow of money increased.
  1. Oligarchies: Committees of the wealthy and powerful members of society who ruled the Italian city-states.
  1. Condottieri: Foreign mercenaries who were hired for security purposes in the Italian city-states.
  1. New Monarchies: Centralized bureaucracy and professional armies.  People Considered to be New Monarchs: Charles VII, Louis XI, Henry VII, Ferdinand and Isabella.
  1. Humanism: A secular conception of life adopted during the Renaissance that emphasized individualism
  1. Renaissance Man: The ideal person who used his opportunities, demonstrated control, and was casually expert in many areas.
  1. Virtu: A wide range of skills possessed by a Renaissance man, which included the ability to dance, fight, write poetry, converse with women, or ride a horse.
  1. Perspective: Painters of the Renaissance employ this artistic style, which gave their work depth and a sense of the three-dimensional.
  1. Leonardo DaVinci: A Renaissance artist whose extensive knowledge of the human form is reflected in his art.
  1. Michelangelo: A Renaissance artist who used oil paint to create more individually lifelike images.
  1. Frescoes: Paintings done by mixing color into wet plaster on a wall or ceiling. Da Vinci's The Last Supper and Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel paintings are examples of such works.
  1. Madonnas: One of the religious icons depicted by Renaissance artists.
  1. Raphael Sanzio: A Renaissance artist who painted religious topics, including the Madonna and Child.
  1. Pieta: A popular Renaissance sculpture featuring Mary cradling the body of the crucified Jesus.
  1. Filippo Brunelleschi: His creation of the dome remains one of the most influential innovations in Renaissance architecture.
  1. Dante Alighieri: In the 1300s, this writer wrote his Divine Comedy in Florentine Italian.
  1. Francesco Petrarch: A Renaissance poet who used Italian to create sonnets.
  1. Giovanni Boccaccio (The Decameron): A Renaissance writer who focused on secular tales.
  1. Baldassare Castiglione (The Courtier): One of the greatest nonfiction literary creations of the Southern Renaissance, it described the proper behavior for Renaissance men and women.
  1. Niccolo Machiavelli: wrote the Prince along with several other novels
  1. Christian Humanists: Christian-based thinkers and writers who were more spiritual in their outlook, less materialistic, and more focused on questions of morality and ethics.
  1. New universities: schools of education being established in the North and Italy during the Renaissance
  1. Fugger: A family of merchants and bankers in the German states.
  1. Thomas More (Utopia): An English scholar who described an ideal society in which the goal for all inhabitants was to develop their rational faculties. Material possessions had no value, and adults divided their time between manual labor and study.
  1. Desiderius Erasmus: A clergyman from the Netherlands who believed in the goodness of humanity. He advocated the study of the Bible and the classics, emphasizing the lie and teachings of Jesus and ignoring the ideas of original sin and the power of relics. His Praise of Folly made fun of the worldliness and superstitition of the Church.
  1. Mysticism: The Northern Renaissance religious way of thinking which said that individuals could commune with God without the Church.
  1. Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life: A prominent group in the Netherlands that developed outside the traditional Church. They practiced a faith and lifestyle called Modern Devotion, in which men and women lived separately and communally but were not monks or nuns. They took no vows, wore no special clothes and could leave at will. Their teaching emphasized humility, tolerance, reverence, love of neighbor, and duty.
  1. Flemish masters: Northern Renaissance artists who constructed realistic portraits in oil.
  1. Star Chamber: A royal court, established by Henry VII of England, for offending nobility. It was conducted without a jury.
  1. Inquisition: A Church court that was vigilant in enforcing religious uniformity.
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