AP European History Blog: March 2011

Saturday, March 26, 2011

Late 19th Century DBQ

Using the pictures as a starting point, describe the extent of these changes and their effects on working and middle class Europeans in the second half of the nineteenth century.

The working and middle classes of Europe during the 19th century experienced drastic changes. The 19th century was a time during which new technologies were being made and social classes were being redefined. New technologies is industry brought about new ideas in the treatment of people. The working and middle classes began the nineteenth century with no rights and barely any impact; but due to the ideas of socialism, such as better pay and more involvement in the government, they were able to increase their social power and make a stand.

In the beginning of the 19th century most people were working in factories due to the industrial revolution. All members of the family, fathers; mothers, and children, worked to earn wages in factories. They had to work long hours and in return, they received barely any pay (doc. 1). The clothing worn in the first picture is a reflection of the little wages people received for their work. All members of the family look disgruntled, tired, hungry, and overworked (doc. 1). There were no laws that prevented factory owners from treating their workers unjustly; therefore, most of the middle and working class was poor (doc. 1). However, the painter of the first picture was probably a poor factory worker who wanted to depict his own social status as something that was not to be desired. The painter was either someone from the middle working class or someone who was sympathetic to that class.

Towards the second half of the 19th century, the middle and working class started to become more wealthy and prominent. The main reason behind these changes was socialistic ideas. Ideas from those such as Marx, Engels, Owen, and many others brought about these changes. Socialistic thinkers believed that the working and middle class should have more freedoms and rights; this is depicted in the second picture (doc. 2). The second picture shows a scene in which the middle class citizens are roaming the city in nice clothing (doc. 2). The clothing suggests that the middle/working class makes more money because they can afford this new higher standard of living. In the 1840s, acts were passed, such as the Mines Act of 1842 and the Ten Hours Act of 1847, in England which showed the progress of the middle and working class. These changes could be the reason for the change depicted in the second picture. The painter of the second picture could have bias because they could have been a higher class citizen making it seem as if the middle class was well of (doc. 2).

The middle and working class really began to change during the mid-nineteenth century. It was a time when socialists were began to express their ideas that people should be equal; this idea of socialism was the fundamental changing point. Robert Owen, a cotton lord, specifically had an impact. He tried to better the lives of his employees. He set an example for other landowners and factory owners. Owen increased the pay of his workers and lowered their hours. Small acts like this highly increased the way of life for the middle and working class. The middle class became larger because of these changes and it also became more wealthy.

The nineteenth century changed the way people look at the middle and working class. This class of people was no longer considered below par. The middle class had become larger and in some senses more prominent or important than the high class. Around this time cities also became more developed because the middle class and working class was growing near the factories. Also these families could afford more because of these new changes due to socialism. Both pictures provide accurate descriptions of the changes that occurred during this time. However, bias of the painters must still be taken into consideration.

Monday, March 21, 2011

First Rough Draft

The late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century were major times for journalistic development. The world of journalism really began to take off and become known as what it is today. Freedom of press was an important concept which was invented during this time. The Peterloo Massacre in Manchester, England specifically played a major role in the bringing about of freedom of press. Freedom of press was the idea that newspapers, magazines, or any publications would be allowed to print any statement that was true without punishment from the government (Dictionary.com). The Peterloo Massacre caused The Times newspaper in London to change their ways of automatically supporting the government. This event brought about news articles and opinion pieces which called out the English government; this type of betrayal against the government in printed publications was unheard of. Papers around the country, continent, and even other continents took notice. Newspapers in the United States of America began to publish articles which spoke more freely and even challenged their own government (“July 4, 1918”). Eventually an amendment was added to their constitution which guaranteed freedom of press. These occurrences changed the way journalism is thought of today. Before this time period, journalism was thought of as a profession or activity in which authors wrote what the government wanted the general public to know (Oxford Dictionaries Online). Today journalism is thought of as an activity or profession of writing for newspapers or magazines or of broadcasting news on radio or television (Oxford Dictionaries Online). This change is all due to the Times paper in London. Whereas other newspapers refrained from commenting on the Peterloo Massacre, The Times of London actually called out the English government for the shooting of innocent civilians; in doing so, The Times ushered in the era of modern journalism.

Newspapers before the eighteenth century could not be qualified as newspapers today. The modern definition of a newspaper is a publication containing news and comment on current events combined with features, opinion pieces, and advertisements that usually appear daily or weekly on multiple sheets of folded large pieces of paper. In the seventeenth century and earlier newspapers were more like magazines or pamphelets (“April 7, 1689”). Most newspapers were only one or two pages long, and they were on normal size sheets of paper. Pamphelets were more popular than large newspapers since the information in pamphelets was normally very similar to the information in the newspapers. The authors of papers in these times were also not thought of as journalists or the press. The term press came into existence around the 1700s. According to Oxford Dictionaries Online, the press means journalists or newspapers viewed collectively. But the press still was not like it is today. The press did not really consist of reporters and journalists; it was more like a group of authors who wanted to inform the people. Newspapers were still a social outlet for the most part. The press before the eighteenth century had more freedom to write creatively, therefore; writers could be more easily coined as authors since the write was not necessarily straightforward.

Many journalists in the seventeenth century and earlier did not write about small news events. Newspaper articles were mostly about social gatherings and events going on in the local areas of the newspapers. Small news events were not interesting to most people of the time because the people who read mostly belonged to the upper class. The upper class did not care as much about crime and other news worthy events; they cared about this week and next week’s social outings. Despite this, major events normally made it into the newspapers. For example, the Lisbon Earthquake in Portugal, which occurred in 1755, had many articles written about it all across Europe. Special issues of papers were even put out to discuss the news aspect and lifestyle of the earthquake. Most major news events did not have articles written about it more than once or twice but this earthquake demonstrated how a few events or happenings could change centuries of built up ideas (add citation). This happening was about sixty years before the Peterloo Massacre but it was a foreshadowing of how the journalistic world was about to change.

Another difference between newspapers back then was that there were very few daily newspapers. The few papers that were daily newspapers had many advertisements in them to fill space and keep the papers running. The Times of London was one of these few daily newspapers, however, it was known as The Daily Register originally (October 27, 1819). Daily newspapers became more abundant after the invention of the steam-powered printing machine. The steam-powered printing machine is a printing press which uses steam power to print text or pictures from type or plates (Oxford Dictionaries Online). This invention quadrupled the amount of papers which could be printed in one day. Before the invention of the steam-powered printing machine, newspapers had to use the Gutenberg printing press. The Gutenberg printing press was a machine that pressed inked set type or etched plates onto papers or textiles that were fed through it (Dictionary.com). This invention was created in the mid-fifteenth century. It revolutionized printing of the time but the steam-powered printing machine really furthered the development of journalism in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Regardless of these developments, the majority of newspapers in the eighteenth century were controlled by government. The Times, itself had made a deal with the government to print government-approved stories. The first editor of The Times, John Walter, was the man who brokered the deal. “He [John Walter] was able to negotiate a secret deal where he was paid £300 a year to publish stories favorable to the government” (“The Times”). Once, John Walter printed something unfavorable about the Prince of Wales and he was fined £50 and sentenced to two years in Newgate Prison. This was one of the last times Walter wrote something that went against the government. An article ran under the time of Walter’s editorship which was entitled “Parliamentary Intelligence.” The article discussed the House of Lords and what actions they were taking to help better London. It was an article strictly put in the paper to show that The Times was listening to the English government. It says, “Several Private Bills were also read a second time” (“May 13, 1805). In the context of the article, this statement was made to gather support for the House of Lords by making it seem as if this parliamentary branch was really working to better England.

References

April 7, 1689. (n.d.). NewspaperARCHIVE.com . Retrieved March 13, 2011, from http://newspaperarchive.com/PdfViewerTags.aspx?img=15393326&firstvisit=true&src=search&currentResult=1&currentPage=0&fpo=False

August 28, 1819. (n.d.). NewspaperARCHIVE.com . Retrieved March 13, 2011, from http://newspaperarchive.com/PdfViewerTags.aspx?img=158721777&firstvisit=true&src=search&currentResult=1&currentPage=10&fpo=False

Dictionary.com. (n.d.). Dictionary.com | Free Online Dictionary for English Definitions. Retrieved March 6, 2011, from http://dictionary1.classic.reference.com/help/ahd4.html

July 4, 1918. (n.d.). NewspaperARCHIVE.com . Retrieved March 13, 2011, from http://newspaperarchive.com/PdfViewerTags.aspx?img=53889954&firstvisit=true&src=search&currentResult=3&currentPage=0&fpo=False

May 13, 1805. (n.d.). NewspaperARCHIVE.com . Retrieved March 7, 2011, from http://www.newspaperarchive.com/PdfViewerTags.aspx?img=7299897&src=browse

May 17, 1832.. (n.d.). NewspaperARCHIVE.com . Retrieved March 13, 2011, from http://newspaperarchive.com/PdfViewerTags.aspx?img=153188326&firstvisit=true&src=search&currentResult=1&currentPage=0&fpo=False

Modern History Sourcebook: Chartism: The People's Petition, 1838. (n.d.). FORDHAM.EDU. Retrieved March 6, 2011, from http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1838chartism.html

Modern History Sourcebook: Samuel Bamford (1788-1872): Passages in the Life of aRadical-on the Peterloo Massacre, 1819. (n.d.). FORDHAM.EDU. Retrieved March 6, 2011, from http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1819bamford.html

Modern History Sourcebook: The Peterloo Massacre, 1819 . (n.d.). FORDHAM.EDU. Retrieved March 6, 2011, from http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1819peterloo.html

November 1, 1819. (n.d.). NewspaperARCHIVE.com . Retrieved March 13, 2011, from http://newspaperarchive.com/PdfViewerTags.aspx?img=153087783&firstvisit=true&src=search&currentResult=2&currentPage=0&fpo=False

October 27, 1819. (n.d.). NewspaperARCHIVE.com . Retrieved March 7, 2011, from http://www.newspaperarchive.com/PdfViewerTags.aspx?img=7476115&src=browse

Oxford Dictionaries Online - English Dictionary and Language Reference. (n.d.). Oxford Dictionaries Online - English Dictionary and Language Reference. Retrieved March 6, 2011, from http://oxforddictionaries.com/?attempted=true

September 28, 1854. (n.d.). NewspaperARCHIVE.com . Retrieved March 13, 2011, from http://newspaperarchive.com/PdfViewerTags.aspx?img=158847178&firstvisit=true&src=search&currentResult=2&currentPage=10&fpo=False

Friday, March 18, 2011

FRQ on Italian Unification

2. Contrast Mazzini and Garibaldi's revolutionary views with those of revolutionaries in France.

Mazzini and Garibaldi were both revolutionaries of the nineteenth century in Italy. Both men played a role in Italian unification, however, they had different ideas. These men can be compared to revolutionaries from the French Revolution. Mazzini and Garibaldi, unlike Robespierre and Napoleon of France, had good intentions of making their country a better place, based on the idea of helping and listening to smaller communities of the country, yet neither man was successful until they had help from a more powerful leader.

Mazzini was in touch with the lower classes of Italian principalities. He believed that the key to making Italy a better, unified country was to make the wealthier, richer principalities listen to the people of the smaller ones. Mazzini, with the help of Garibaldi, gathered a following and led a revolution in Lombardy. This is the opposite of what Robespierre of France did. He let other people gather and make a move against the government and then he stepped in. Robespierre made the smarter choice because this attempt by Mazzini was squashed by a more powerful Italian leader, Cavour. Mazzini and Garibaldi both fled the area, hoping to avoid the wrath of Cavour.

After the attempt, Garibaldi was brought back to Italy by Cavour. Cavour wanted Garibaldi to gather a following of lower class people in Southern Italy so that Cavour could unite Italy. Garibaldi did as he was asked because he still achieved his goal of uniting the smaller principalities for the better. He would have never been successful at uniting his people without the help of Cavour. Napoleon was the opposite of Garibaldi; he was much more like Cavour. Napoleon gathered followings but he gathered followings of important people of higher ranks so that his cause would be more successful. He made important friends and connections through his time in the military. By the time he tried to make his major move of power, he already had a huge group of followers.

Mazzini and Garibaldi were revolutionaries who thought they could change things for the better through helping the oppressed. However, by trying to help the oppressed, they ignored the richer classes. This mistake turned out to be huge. The upper class had military personnel and powerful leaders who were easily able to take down Mazzini's and Garibaldi's revolutionary attempts. If Mazzini and Garibaldi had paid more attention to their enemies as well as there followers, like Napoleon, they might have been more successful on their own.

Unification attempts were happening all over Europe in the mid-nineteenth century. Italy finally achieved unification through the work of Cavour, who was assisted by Garibaldi. Garibaldi and Mazzini were unsuccessful on their own. If they had followed some of the tactics of revolutionaries in France they might have been more successful.

Monday, March 14, 2011

Review of Page 172 in Kaplan

1. C
2. A
3. D
4. C
5. B
6. A
7. D
8. B
9. E
10. C
11. E
12. A
13. C
14. B
15. D
16. D
17. A
18. B
19. C
20. A

Romanticism FRQ

Please answer the following in a five paragraph academic free response: To what extent did Romanticism challenge Enlightenment views of human beings and the natural world and how did this challenge illustrate changes between the Enlightenment and Romantic views of the relationship between God and the individual?

Romanticism was an era in European history which challenged the views and ideas of the Enlightenment. Romanticism was about feelings and emotions, while the Enlightenment was about order and systematic structures. Both periods demonstrate the ways in which European ideas are forever changing, but Romantic thoughts and ideas are much closer to how people think and act today. The era of Romanticism let emotions take control of the human being, as seen through the literature of Victor Hugo, Mary Shelley, and Nataniel Hawthorne; opposed to the Enlightenment idea where God was in control of the human mind.

Victor Hugo was a French novelist during the Romantic period. One of his most famous works is Les Miserables. His novel itself demonstrates the changing of ideas from the Enlightenment period to the Romantic period. In the age of the Enlightenment people were creating literature, art, music, etc. for the government or Church; in the age of Romanticism literature, art, music, etc. was about expressing the author's feelings and challenging ideas of their time. Hugo challenged his government in Les Miserables. In his novel, he discussed the hardships that were put on families and individuals all across France because of the government. An Enlightenment thinker would not have cared about how people felt. Hugo's novel shows this change in ideas from the Enlightenment to Romanticism, and how emotions were more important than mathematics or science.

Along with this change from mathematics to emotions, came change in religious views. Now that poets, authors, composers, musicians, and so forth were finding inspiration for their creations they realized it was coming from within them. Before Romanticism, inspiration for music, books, or artwork came from God, not from within. Now these imaginative, creative people were realizing that the creativity they had was their own, not God's. Therefore more creative people of this time period focused less on God, some even completely rejected Him, and focused more on their own individual talents. One of these people was Mary Shelley, the author of Frankenstein. Her novel would not have been accepted in a pre-Romanticism era. Frankenstein, the monster of the book, would have been considered a monster or demon. Demons were considered to possessed by the devil, so therefore her book would have been labeled as anti-religious.

A final showcase of how views and ideas changed from the Enlightenment to the Romantics was Nathaniel Hawthorne's Wurthering Heights. This novel was all about emotions and love between two tragic characters. Pre-Romantic novels consisted mostly of perfect characters and instructions on how to be the perfect male or female, for example The Courtier. The main male character of Wurthering Heights , Heathcliff, was the exact opposite of a perfect gentlemen. Before Romanticism all fiction male heroes were portrayed as the perfect gentlemen or else so satirical that it was obvious that the male hero was not to be taken seriously. Hawthorne's radical view of love and heroes paved the way for more changes to Enlightenment ideas so that views would become more Romantic.

The main change from Enlightenment ideas to Romantic ideas was that God was no longer more important than feelings. Poets, musicians, authors, composers, and so forth showcased what it meant to be a Romantic thinker. Being a Romantic thinker was not being a thinker at all, it was being a creative engineer. Creativity and imagination dawned in the Romantic era.

Sunday, March 13, 2011

Final Draft of Formal Outline for Term Paper

Thesis: Whereas other newspapers refrained from commenting on the Peterloo Massacre, The Times of London actually called out the British government for the shooting of innocent civilians; in doing so, The Times ushered in the era of modern journalism.

Definitions:

Steam-powered printing machine (printing press): a machine which uses steam power to print text or pictures from type or plates (Oxford English Dictionary)

Journalism:

- Modern: “the activity or profession of writing for newspapers or magazines or of broadcasting news on radio or television” (Oxford English Dictionary)

- Historical: a profession or activity in which authors wrote what the government wanted the general public to know

The Peterloo Massacre: An attack by the British cavalry on peaceful protesters on August 16, 1819 in Manchester, England in which the cavalry attacked innocent civilians who were seeking political reform. This event resulted in approximately four hundred injuries and eleven deaths (Oxford English Dictionary, American Heritage Dictionary).

Yeomanry: A British volunteer cavalry force, formed in 1761, originally made up of men who owned and farmed land (Oxford English Dictionary).

Conservatism: The disposition to keep the established order the same and limit change. In 19^th century England, it was an idea supported mostly by nobles, lords, and the upper class. The members of the parliamentary branch known as the House of Lords would have been considered conservatives (American Heritage Dictionary).

Liberalism: The idea that new behavior or concepts can be accepted over traditional behaviors and concepts. In 19^th century England, it was mostly the idea that all men should be granted equal rights. The members of the parliamentary branch known as the House of Commons would have been considered liberals. In England, a fundamental idea of liberalism was that the country should be run with a constitutional monarchy and a parliament to support it (Oxford English Dictionary).

Radicalism: “the holding or following of radical or extreme views or principles” (American Heritage Dictionary).

The Press: “newspapers or journalists viewed collectively” (Oxford English Dictionary).

Logography: printing with logotypes or a single piece of type or single word (American Heritage Dictionary).

Other terms might need to be defined later based on further research.

Outline:

I. Background on Journalism before the 18^th century

a. Before the 18^th century, newspapers were not really newspapers, they were more like magazines and pamphlets

b. The term press came into existence around the 1700s. But the press still was not like it is today. The press did not really consist of reporters and journalists; it was more like a group of authors who wanted to inform the people. Newspapers were still a social outlet for the most part.

c. There were very few daily newspapers; there were not even that many weekly newspapers.

d. The printing press by Gutenberg allowed for faster printing but that did not bring about the newspaper right away.

e. Pamphlets were more popular than a large newspaper

f. he first newspapers were only about a page or two long

II. Very little news actually went into the first newspapers

a. Since most newspapers were not daily, authors did not tend to write about small news events that were happening.

b. However, major events like the Lisbon earthquake in 1755 was put in newspapers throughout Europe.

i. It was a major event so newspapers spent weeks talking about this event and even put out special issues to discuss the topic.

III. The majority of newspapers in the 18^th and 19^th century were controlled by the government.

a. Napoleon in France seized complete control of the newspapers in France while he was in control.

i. Napoleon went as far as stopping almost all newspapers in France while he was in control.

1. There went from about 70 newspapers to 12 newspapers.

b. John Walter, of The Times of London, made a deal with the government to print articles in their favor.

i. “Especially when he was able to negotiate a secret deal where he was paid £300 a year to publish stories favorable to the government,” (“The Times”).

ii. Once, John Walter printed something unfavorable about the Prince of Wales and he was fined £50 and sentenced to two years in Newgate Prison.

1. This was one of the last times Walter wrote something that went against the government.

iii. On May 13, 1805 an article ran called “Parliamentary Intelligence.” This article is an example of the governmental favor the Times showed before the Peterloo Massacre

1. The article discusses the House of Lords and what actions they are taking to help better London.

2. It says, “Several Private Bills were also read a second time” (“May 13, 1805). In the context of the article, this statement was made to gather support for the House of Lords by making it seem as if this parliamentary branch was really working to better England.

IV. Beginning of the Times newspaper

a. The Times was started by John Walter in 1785.

b. The paper started off as a daily advertising sheet called The Daily Register.

c. There were 8 other daily newspapers in London at the time.

d. John Walter was mostly interested in advertising at first and therefore said, “The Register, in its politics, will be of no party. Due attention should be paid to the interests of trade, which are so greatly promoted by advertisements," (The Times).

e. The Times also wrote about parliamentary reports and foreign news.

f. In 1788, the Times started to have stories about the latest gossip and scandals of famous people in London. These were the only other kinds of stories running besides what the government wanted published.

g. John struck a deal with the government to make it look favorable in his paper.

V. John Walter II

a. John Walter the II was the next owner who really took the Times to the next level.

b. He purchased a Koenig printing machine, the steam-powered printing machine, which allowed for faster and more efficient printing of the paper. About 7,000 copies of the paper were being sold a day.

c. He hired Thomas Barnes as editor in chief.

d. Walter stepped out of his comfort zone and published articles going against the government for the first time. The event that made the Times change their ways: The Peterloo Massacre.

e. Walter and Barnes even went on to criticize papers that later supported the government.

i. The Morning Chronicle, already a competitor of The Times, supported the government.

1. Members of the Whigs party bought control of The Morning Chronicle.

2. Suddenly after this, the Chronicle was showing excessive support to the Whigs party. The paper was no longer just showing governmental support but also catering to the wants of a specific party.

3. The Times, specifically Walter and Barnes, criticized The Morning Chronicle for this.

VI. The Peterloo Massacre – August 16, 1819

a. People in England, the lower class and middle class, were going hungry because of the Corn Laws.

b. So over 80,000 people took to the streets of Manchester, England to protest.

i. The protestors were peaceful.

ii. They were petitioning to repeal the Corn Laws and also for the right of all men to vote.

c. The English cavalry come to break up the peaceful protestors and end up attacking and trampling the civilians.

i. “And from this moment the yeomanry lost all command of temper: numbers were trampled under the feet of men and horses; many, both men and women, were cut down by sabers; several, and a peace officer and a female in the number, slain on the spot. The whole number of persons injured amounted to between three and four hundred,” (“Modern History Sourcebook: The Peterloo Massacre”).

ii. Approximately 400 people were injured

iii. 11 people were killed

iv. John Tyas, a reporter for the Times, was arrested at the Peterloo Massacre

1. Thomas Barnes, editor of the Times, chose Tyas to go to this event.

2. Barnes chose him because he “was nephew to an individual of great respectability in the town of Manchester" (“John Tyas”).

3. Tyas being arrested had a major impact on the Times changing its ways. Before the event at St. Peter’s Field, the Times had been rather critical of this radical event.

4. After Tyas was released from prison, he printed a full account of what happened at St. Peter’s Field on August 19.

5. The Times started a campaign against the English officers who were at St. Peter’s Field.

a. The Times printed many editorials about the incident. One editorial said, “a hundred of the King's unarmed subjects have been sabred by a body of cavalry in the streets of a town of which most of them were inhabitants, and in the presence of those Magistrates whose sworn duty it is to protect and preserve the life of the meanest Englishmen,” (“John Tyas”).

b. Since the Times was en established, national newspaper these criticizing comments really damaged the English authorities.

d. The English government then congratulates the cavalry for shooting innocent civilians.

i. This is the moment that The Times decides they can no longer support the government.

ii. The general public is who buys their papers so they should be supporting them.

iii. This event changes not only how civilians look at their government, but it also changes the media.

1. The Times takes the lead on challenging the government.

2. Other papers soon decide to follow the example of the Times.

VII. Newspaper Articles during and following the Peterloo Massacre

a. Articles found in the Times regarding the Peterloo event

i. John Tyas was a major writer on articles about the Peterloo Massacre.

1. Because he was wrongly arrested, Tyas wanted to make sure the people knew how much of an injustice this event was.

2. He wrote news articles about everything he had seen while he was at the incident. He later followed up the investigation by writing editorials about the wrongs of the cavalry and the wrongs of the government for supporting the cavalry.

ii. To showcase an example of the Times now challenging the government and printing articles the government probably would not approve of:

1. An article called “Police” was printed on the third page of the Times on October 27, 1819.

2. From the article: “Yesterday a man named George Drakard was finally examined upon a charge of having robbed his employer,” (“October 27, 1819”).

3. This quote shows that the Times was finally criticizing the government and its lawmakers. This article specifically showed the incompetence of the law forces around England.

b. Articles other English newspapers ran around the time of the Peterloo Massacre

i. The British Press of London ran an article on August 28, 1819 about the event at Peterloo. For the most part, the article just recapped the events of the Massacre and did not have much opinion in it. However, the view of the writer was distinguishable because the tone of the article seemed to favor the victims.

ii. The Champion and Review wrote an article called “The Rattle of Peterloo” on November 1, 1819, which was inspired by the articles of John Tyas from the Times about this event. The article called out the government for attacking innocent civilians and even went on to say that the government had been doing wrong to innocent civilians for years.

c. Articles other newspapers had many years after the Peterloo Event

i. The Patriot newspaper of London ran an article on September 28, 1854 about the Peterloo Massacre. It took over 30 years for this newspaper to break free of the government and admit that the Time was right and this was the moment the government had gone too far.

ii. The True Sun published an article on May 17, 1832 which addressed the Massacre as a “disgraceful occurrence” (“May 17, 1832”). Similarly to the Patriot, the True Sun took several years after the incident to discuss how wrong the government had been.

iii. Grand Rapids Tribune

1. This newspaper was a newspaper in the United States.

2. The Peterloo Massacre had been such a big event that papers in the United States even discussed.

3. However, most articles about this event did not run until almost a century later. This was because over a century later, the United States was finally comfortable enough and enough of a world power to say harsh things about other world powers.

4. An article was published on July 4, 1918 (America’s Independence Day) which discussed the ways English government suppressed its people.

a. Since it was the anniversary of the United State’s day of Independence it makes sense that the paper would give examples of ways the English government has always suppressed control of their people.