The War of Spanish Succession was a direct result of Louis XIV attempting to use his grandson, Philip V, to make an international monarchy that would allow him ultimate power throughout Europe.
Thursday, December 16, 2010
Saturday, December 11, 2010
Dutch Republic Free Response Question
Discuss ways that the 17th-century Dutch Republic differed from its neighbors, telling how these differences contributed to the country's success.
The Dutch Republic in the 1600s came to be known as the "Golden Age of the Netherlands." Some even went as far to call it "an island of plenty in a sea of want." The Dutch Republic strategically worked their way to become a power in Western Europe in the 1600s. The Dutch Republic differed from France within the fact that they had a hard working middle class that did not live life excessively at home which led to success; but the Dutch differed from England because they did not have strong military forces to keep control of their colonies or fight wars and therefore led to its downfall.
The Dutch Republic prospered because of a hard working merchant class. The merchant class prospered especially in banking and trade. The Dutch had their own gold, florin, that eventually became the international unit of monetary exchange. Amsterdam, a city in the Dutch Republic, was the center of world banking. The Dutch were successful in trade because of the vast variety of ships they owned, and the expertise they showed in fishing and building canals. Despite these successes in the workplace, the Dutch did not live excessively at home. The Dutch did not decorate their homes with ornate art and architecture like homes in France. The Dutch spent their money on food and other necessities. In France, home were decorated elegantly with expensive artwork, and they built their houses for beauty not comfortability. The Dutch knew what was important to succeed.
The Dutch Republic in the 17th-century had established colonies all over the world. In North America, the Dutch had established the important colony of New Amsterdam. New Amsterdam was located within the bigger Dutch colony of New Netherlands. New Amsterdam was along the Hudson River, and therefore provided many opportunities for trade in North America. However, New Amsterdam was coveted by England. England had several colonies surrounding the Dutch colonies, and was in a hurry to take over the Dutch's property. England was able to annex New Amsterdam because England had one thing that the Dutch did not: a strong military. No matter how successful the Dutch were in trade and banking, they lacked a strong army. The English easily defeated the Dutch and took over New Amsterdam and renamed it New York.
The Netherlands' military was unsuccessful in winning wars, along with keeping control of colonies. The English annexing of New Amsterdam was part of three short wars between the English and the Dutch known as the Anglo-Dutch Wars. The wars were prompted by the English introducing an act called the Navigation Act. The act caused tensions between the Dutch and the English and started the wars. These wars ultimately led to the downfall of the Netherlands' "golden age." The Dutch's already weak military was split between fighting the English and defending itself from Louis XIV of France who was always looking to expand his empire.
During the 17th-century the Netherlands experienced a type of golden age. This golden age prospered because of differences between other European countries such as France and England, but also failed because of those differences. The main differences that led to the success and eventually the downfall of the Dutch Republic were the simple life the Dutch led and the lack of a strong army.
The Dutch Republic in the 1600s came to be known as the "Golden Age of the Netherlands." Some even went as far to call it "an island of plenty in a sea of want." The Dutch Republic strategically worked their way to become a power in Western Europe in the 1600s. The Dutch Republic differed from France within the fact that they had a hard working middle class that did not live life excessively at home which led to success; but the Dutch differed from England because they did not have strong military forces to keep control of their colonies or fight wars and therefore led to its downfall.
The Dutch Republic prospered because of a hard working merchant class. The merchant class prospered especially in banking and trade. The Dutch had their own gold, florin, that eventually became the international unit of monetary exchange. Amsterdam, a city in the Dutch Republic, was the center of world banking. The Dutch were successful in trade because of the vast variety of ships they owned, and the expertise they showed in fishing and building canals. Despite these successes in the workplace, the Dutch did not live excessively at home. The Dutch did not decorate their homes with ornate art and architecture like homes in France. The Dutch spent their money on food and other necessities. In France, home were decorated elegantly with expensive artwork, and they built their houses for beauty not comfortability. The Dutch knew what was important to succeed.
The Dutch Republic in the 17th-century had established colonies all over the world. In North America, the Dutch had established the important colony of New Amsterdam. New Amsterdam was located within the bigger Dutch colony of New Netherlands. New Amsterdam was along the Hudson River, and therefore provided many opportunities for trade in North America. However, New Amsterdam was coveted by England. England had several colonies surrounding the Dutch colonies, and was in a hurry to take over the Dutch's property. England was able to annex New Amsterdam because England had one thing that the Dutch did not: a strong military. No matter how successful the Dutch were in trade and banking, they lacked a strong army. The English easily defeated the Dutch and took over New Amsterdam and renamed it New York.
The Netherlands' military was unsuccessful in winning wars, along with keeping control of colonies. The English annexing of New Amsterdam was part of three short wars between the English and the Dutch known as the Anglo-Dutch Wars. The wars were prompted by the English introducing an act called the Navigation Act. The act caused tensions between the Dutch and the English and started the wars. These wars ultimately led to the downfall of the Netherlands' "golden age." The Dutch's already weak military was split between fighting the English and defending itself from Louis XIV of France who was always looking to expand his empire.
During the 17th-century the Netherlands experienced a type of golden age. This golden age prospered because of differences between other European countries such as France and England, but also failed because of those differences. The main differences that led to the success and eventually the downfall of the Dutch Republic were the simple life the Dutch led and the lack of a strong army.
Friday, December 10, 2010
Google Map Pepy's Diary
http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=118215166848705488656.00049646f2ca5b811bd27&t=h&z=10
Monday, December 6, 2010
Free Response Practice Test #1
"Why are the trials and tribulations of Galileo often considered both predicative of the future of Western Civilization as well as a perfect encapsulation of the context of his own time?"
Galileo was man of many parts. Galileo dedicated his life to the sciences, and was later recognized as one of the founding fathers of modern science. He was faced with difficult decisions in life about science, religion, and loyalty but he ultimately choose what was right for himself. Galileo encompassed the future of science and the context of his own time through his trials and tribulations which included the invention of a new telescope, further supporting of the Copernican theory, and his choice to stand by heliocentrism instead of geocentricism which was ultimately a fundamental belief of the Catholic Church and made him a heretic.
As a young boy, Galileo never dreamed of becoming a scientist. However, after studying to be a doctor while at a university he realized he was much more interested in the worlds of mathematics and science. Galileo went on to study and develop ideas about kinematics, the tides, and Copernicus' theory. He studied the acceleration of objects and all matters dealing with kinematics so thoroughly that he was later labeled the father of physics. However, Galileo made a huge contribution to the future of modern science with the invention of a new telescope. Galileo created a telescope with about 30x magnification which allowed for great study of earth, the skies, and eventually outer space. His telescope is often thought of as a terrestrial telescope, but it also allowed for an early view of the stars and planets. The magnification for which the telescope was able to reach was an example of the future of science because nothing that precise had ever been created before. Although, his telescope still reflected his own times because he only had so many tools from which to make his telescope. His scientific advancement was limited by the technology of his time.
Galileo was a strong believer in Copernicus' theory. He agreed with scientist Nicholas Copernicus on his theory that the earth was not the center of the universe, but the sun was. By stating this belief, Galileo went against his own times because this theory clashed with the Catholic religion. He making the choice of science over religion. Galileo made his beliefs known and was always trying to provide new evidence in the favor of Copernicus' theory. This was a futuristic way of doing things since most men or women of the time would not have made public their ideas that went against the teaching of the Catholic Church. It could also be argued that Galileo was also a man of his time. He could be thought of as a religious revolutionary since he chose science over religion. All around Europe, religious revolutions were being started for different reasons. Why should science not be a reason? Galileo was summoned to the Catholic Inquisition, but he was able to avoid persecution since his friend was a bishop. This friend would later become Pope Urban VIII. Galileo was told though that he needed to stop his research into Copernicus' theory since it went against Catholic teaching.
Galileo continued on in his research, despite his close run in with the Inquisition. He was determined to prove that Copernicus was right. Galileo had made his own telescope, and through rigorous study and observation he knew the sun was the center of the universe, not the earth. He decided to write a book that showed his evidence in support of Copernicus' theory. The Catholic Church, however, learned that Galileo was writing a book. At the time, Pope Urban VIII and Galileo were no longer as close of friends since being pope demanded much of Pope Urban's time. Galileo was summoned again to the Inquisition, but his time he was persecuted as a heretic. He was forced to say that Copernicus' theory was incorrect, he was put on house arrest for the rest of his life, and any of his writings or future writings were banned from being published. But all of this did not stop Galileo. Galileo continued to write books and study astronomy, along with other sciences. Galileo was a revolutionary in this sense, and pointed towards modern times since he refused to let religion erase his beliefs. He was not a dumb man though, so he followed the rules of his house arrest and did not attempt to publish any of his works. Galileo was a perfect mix of the present and the future.
Galileo was a revolutionary. He was also a man of his time. He had a myriad of ideas and theories, but he knew how to push the envelope with them, without actually bursting it. He tried to point to the future, while trying to maintain the ideas of the present. Galileo was able to maintain a mixture of present and future through his trials and tribulations because of his modern observations, his choice of science over religion, and his continuation of his beliefs.
Tuesday, November 23, 2010
Part 2 of The Test that Crushed My Life
48. Prince Henry the Navigator
49. Christopher Columbus
50. The Columbian Exchange
51. potatoes
52. Mercantilism
53. Joint-Stock Company
54. Protestant
55. True
56. Amsterdam
57. The Bank of Netherlands
58. no
59. Gutenberg
60. middle class
61. The House of Commons
62. Anglican
63. Stuarts
64. Presbyterians
65. 1603-1625
66. The Divine Right of Kings
67. Puritans
68. The Petition of Right
69. William Laud
70. Calvinists in Scotland
71. The Cavaliers
72. The Roundheads
73. Oliver Cromwell
74. The Petition of Right
75. Lord Protector
76. the Levellers
77. James II
78. The English Reformation
79. Thomas Hobbes
49. Christopher Columbus
50. The Columbian Exchange
51. potatoes
52. Mercantilism
53. Joint-Stock Company
54. Protestant
55. True
56. Amsterdam
57. The Bank of Netherlands
58. no
59. Gutenberg
60. middle class
61. The House of Commons
62. Anglican
63. Stuarts
64. Presbyterians
65. 1603-1625
66. The Divine Right of Kings
67. Puritans
68. The Petition of Right
69. William Laud
70. Calvinists in Scotland
71. The Cavaliers
72. The Roundheads
73. Oliver Cromwell
74. The Petition of Right
75. Lord Protector
76. the Levellers
77. James II
78. The English Reformation
79. Thomas Hobbes
Monday, November 22, 2010
The Test that Crushed My Life
1. Martin Luther
2. 95 Theses
3. Hapsburg
4. The cathedral
5. March 2, 1512 (freebie)
6. faith (freebie)
7. the Bible
8. the Catholic church's hierarchy such as the Pope
9. the nobility
10. false
11. The German nobility
12. Catholicism
13. Lutheranism
14. The Peace of Augsburg
15. Luther went against the Catholic church which was the predominant religion, and stated what was wrong with and gathered his own congregation. He added another major religion to the fold.
16. Luther was a political conservative because he thought that church and state should work together so that the people and the king have the same religion.
17. John Calvin
18. Amsterdam
19. John Calvin (freebie)
20. Huguenots
21. King Henry VIII
22. Elizabeth I
23. Anabaptist
24. Pope Julius II
25. The Council of Trent
26. True
27. The Vulgate Bible
28. Ignatius Loyola
29. get rid of the hierarchy of the Catholic church
30. 17th century
31. Bernini
32. Phillip II
33. the Spanish Armada
34. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
35. The Edict of Nantes
36. 300
37. The Peace of Augsburg
38. The Protestant Union
39. The Catholic League
40. Catholic Church
41. Protestant
42. Catholic: Pope Julius II Protestant: Gustavus the Second
43. Gustavus Ferdinand
44. The Peace of Westphalia
45. Alsace
46. Germany
47. France
2. 95 Theses
3. Hapsburg
4. The cathedral
5. March 2, 1512 (freebie)
6. faith (freebie)
7. the Bible
8. the Catholic church's hierarchy such as the Pope
9. the nobility
10. false
11. The German nobility
12. Catholicism
13. Lutheranism
14. The Peace of Augsburg
15. Luther went against the Catholic church which was the predominant religion, and stated what was wrong with and gathered his own congregation. He added another major religion to the fold.
16. Luther was a political conservative because he thought that church and state should work together so that the people and the king have the same religion.
17. John Calvin
18. Amsterdam
19. John Calvin (freebie)
20. Huguenots
21. King Henry VIII
22. Elizabeth I
23. Anabaptist
24. Pope Julius II
25. The Council of Trent
26. True
27. The Vulgate Bible
28. Ignatius Loyola
29. get rid of the hierarchy of the Catholic church
30. 17th century
31. Bernini
32. Phillip II
33. the Spanish Armada
34. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
35. The Edict of Nantes
36. 300
37. The Peace of Augsburg
38. The Protestant Union
39. The Catholic League
40. Catholic Church
41. Protestant
42. Catholic: Pope Julius II Protestant: Gustavus the Second
43. Gustavus Ferdinand
44. The Peace of Westphalia
45. Alsace
46. Germany
47. France
Tuesday, November 16, 2010
DBQ Format Quiz
1. range for possible grades: 0-9
2. highest grade with no thesis: 4
3. bare minimum of documents out of 12: 7
4. It is the understanding that whoever wrote the document might be partial to a certain group or idea so you need to say that they don't have total credibility.
5. Groupings are the key terms you use in your thesis that organize your essay.
6. dsghdgdj (doc. 5).
2. highest grade with no thesis: 4
3. bare minimum of documents out of 12: 7
4. It is the understanding that whoever wrote the document might be partial to a certain group or idea so you need to say that they don't have total credibility.
5. Groupings are the key terms you use in your thesis that organize your essay.
6. dsghdgdj (doc. 5).
Tuesday, November 2, 2010
Kaplan Key Terms: Chapter 3
- Roman Catholic Church: centered in Italy, run by the Pope, established because the Christian Church split in 1054
- Eastern Orthodox Church: In 1054, the Christian Church formally split into the Roman Catholic Church, centered in Italy, and the Eastern Orthodox Church, centered in Constantinople.
- Crusades: A series of wars fought in an attempt to capture the Holy Land from Muslims control. The Christian crusaders who survived brought back with them silks, porcelains, and spices, which introduced Europe to Asian goods. They also gained knowledge of Arabic medicine, science, and navigation, which were superior to European knowledge at the time.
- Bubonic Plague (Black Death): A deadly disease caused by a bacillus, which was carried by fleas living on black rats. It arrived in Italy from the Middle East in the middle of the 14th century and quickly spread throughout Europe. The disease lasted for two to three years and killed around 30 percent of the population.
- Gunpowder: An invention that completely changed the Western world. The development of gunpowder led to warfare conducted with muskets and cannons rather than with bows and swords.
- Medici: Merchants in Florence who went into banking as the flow of money increased.
- Oligarchies: Committees of the wealthy and powerful members of society who ruled the Italian city-states.
- Condottieri: Foreign mercenaries who were hired for security purposes in the Italian city-states.
- New Monarchies: Centralized bureaucracy and professional armies. People Considered to be New Monarchs: Charles VII, Louis XI, Henry VII, Ferdinand and Isabella.
- Humanism: A secular conception of life adopted during the Renaissance that emphasized individualism
- Renaissance Man: The ideal person who used his opportunities, demonstrated control, and was casually expert in many areas.
- Virtu: A wide range of skills possessed by a Renaissance man, which included the ability to dance, fight, write poetry, converse with women, or ride a horse.
- Perspective: Painters of the Renaissance employ this artistic style, which gave their work depth and a sense of the three-dimensional.
- Leonardo DaVinci: A Renaissance artist whose extensive knowledge of the human form is reflected in his art.
- Michelangelo: A Renaissance artist who used oil paint to create more individually lifelike images.
- Frescoes: Paintings done by mixing color into wet plaster on a wall or ceiling. Da Vinci's The Last Supper and Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel paintings are examples of such works.
- Madonnas: One of the religious icons depicted by Renaissance artists.
- Raphael Sanzio: A Renaissance artist who painted religious topics, including the Madonna and Child.
- Pieta: A popular Renaissance sculpture featuring Mary cradling the body of the crucified Jesus.
- Filippo Brunelleschi: His creation of the dome remains one of the most influential innovations in Renaissance architecture.
- Dante Alighieri: In the 1300s, this writer wrote his Divine Comedy in Florentine Italian.
- Francesco Petrarch: A Renaissance poet who used Italian to create sonnets.
- Giovanni Boccaccio (The Decameron): A Renaissance writer who focused on secular tales.
- Baldassare Castiglione (The Courtier): One of the greatest nonfiction literary creations of the Southern Renaissance, it described the proper behavior for Renaissance men and women.
- Niccolo Machiavelli: wrote the Prince along with several other novels
- Christian Humanists: Christian-based thinkers and writers who were more spiritual in their outlook, less materialistic, and more focused on questions of morality and ethics.
- New universities: schools of education being established in the North and Italy during the Renaissance
- Fugger: A family of merchants and bankers in the German states.
- Thomas More (Utopia): An English scholar who described an ideal society in which the goal for all inhabitants was to develop their rational faculties. Material possessions had no value, and adults divided their time between manual labor and study.
- Desiderius Erasmus: A clergyman from the Netherlands who believed in the goodness of humanity. He advocated the study of the Bible and the classics, emphasizing the lie and teachings of Jesus and ignoring the ideas of original sin and the power of relics. His Praise of Folly made fun of the worldliness and superstitition of the Church.
- Mysticism: The Northern Renaissance religious way of thinking which said that individuals could commune with God without the Church.
- Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life: A prominent group in the Netherlands that developed outside the traditional Church. They practiced a faith and lifestyle called Modern Devotion, in which men and women lived separately and communally but were not monks or nuns. They took no vows, wore no special clothes and could leave at will. Their teaching emphasized humility, tolerance, reverence, love of neighbor, and duty.
- Flemish masters: Northern Renaissance artists who constructed realistic portraits in oil.
- Star Chamber: A royal court, established by Henry VII of England, for offending nobility. It was conducted without a jury.
- Inquisition: A Church court that was vigilant in enforcing religious uniformity.
Wednesday, October 27, 2010
Holy Roman Empire Presentation
Group Members:
Emily Clarke
Rebecca Driver
Jay Etkins
Zak Flair
Iris Kim
Rebecca Kotula
Mary Kate Luft
SENT AN EMAIL TO YOU WITH POWERPOINT ATTACHED BECAUSE LINK WASN'T WORKING
Emily Clarke
Rebecca Driver
Jay Etkins
Zak Flair
Iris Kim
Rebecca Kotula
Mary Kate Luft
SENT AN EMAIL TO YOU WITH POWERPOINT ATTACHED BECAUSE LINK WASN'T WORKING
Questions on Machiavelli
1. Which of the following would be most successful in business today? And what kind of business would they run (Internet startup, chain store, international conglomerate, NGO, mafia)? Remirro da Orca (chapter 7), Oliverotto da Fermo (chapter 8) Cesare Borgia.
Remirro da Orca, Oliverotto da Fermo, and Cesare Borgia are three minor characters that Machiavelli chooses to depict in The Prince. Remirro da Orca and Oliverotto da Fermo do not play as significant roles as Cesare Borgia in the book but they are important nonetheless. If put into modern economy what occupation would these three men have? Remirro da Orca would be an international conglomerate based on historical fact and his ability as a representative (Chapter 7). Oliverotto da Fermo could take up a position of authority in the mafia due to his “honorable standing” and sometimes violent past (Chapter 8). Cesare Borgia, although violent when necessary, might run a chain because of his strategic planning and family name.
Remirro da Orca was considered to be a man of charisma. When Cesare Borgia took over Romagna, he needed someone to unite the territory. Borgia knew Orca had been successful in previous endeavors, so Borgia appointed Orca to take on the task (Chapter 7). Orca was granted all the powers necessary to bring peace and unity to Romagna, and in a short period of time he did (Chapter 7). An international conglomerate is a business that is comprised of many smaller companies. The head of an international conglomerate has to be able to bring all the companies together as one (Encarta Dictionary). Remirro da Orca, like a head of an international conglomerate, had to unite the city of Romagna (Chapter 7).
In modern times, Oliverotto da Fermo would be a part of the mafia. Fermo’s parents died when he was young so he was raised by his uncle, Giovanni Fogliani. Fermo joined military forces at a young age and fought under the Vitellis (Chapter 8). Therefore Fermo was exposed to violence at a young age. That violence continued through a large portion of his life, and for that reason Fermo could have a job in the mafia. Fermo also expected respect and honor when returning to his home town or territory, just like a mob boss would (Chapter 8). After returning home, Fermo had Giovanni and other important representatives murdered. Fermo made himself prince and overtook the territory through violence (Chapter 8). Similar tactics are used in the mafia when wanting to take an enemy’s territory to expand their own empire. Oliverotto da Fermo’s violent past and deception would make him an excellent leader in the mafia.
Cesare Borgia was a leader who came into power because of his family name (Chapter 7). Many stores are started by one person who builds an empire and expands the company so that it becomes a chain. Then that empire gets passed onto a son or other family member. Pope Alexander VI of the Holy Roman Empire did a similar thing. Pope Alexander VI built an empire of power and eventually the power transferred to his son Cesare Borgia (Chapter 7). Borgia used this foundation to continue his own empire. Borgia was a strategic planner. He destroyed disloyal troops and replaced them with loyal ones, he kept friendly yet cautious relationships with other princes, and he used his power in a way so the common people trusted him (Chapter 7). A chain store owner would have to think in the same terms. It would be necessary for him to be friendly with the competition yet always looking for ways to eliminate them. Borgia would be fit to run chain stores because of the power he received from his family name and the strategic planning he used along with his power.
2. Who is a prince's greatest ally? (Chapters 9, 19, 20, 21)
Machiavelli names several important allies of a prince in the novel. The most important allies of a prince include the people (or populace), the nobles, the army, and the conflict. Machiavelli stresses that having a loyal and strong army is the key to power (Chapter 19), and that being able to choose a side on a conflict is necessary for survival (Chapter 21). However, Machiavelli says that even more important than the army or the conflict, is the people a prince chooses to take into the highest consideration.
The two types of people a prince has to choose between are nobles and the common people. Nobles can be helpful in attaining the position of prince but after the attainment, nobles prove to be more competition than help. The common people on the other hand can help to attain the position of prince but then disconnect themselves from power (Chapter 9). The common people are more prevalent and therefore the prince’s greatest ally.
The common people make up the majority of an empire. If the common people are displeased then the empire will suffer (Chapter 9). The populace will not hesitate to overthrow a prince they do not like him. The populace also has the power to elect one of their own people as a prince. The populace, unlike nobles, will still see the new prince as an authority figure and not consider themselves equals (Chapter 9). Because the common people have the power to overthrow a prince, the prince needs to keep the majority of the common people on his side. The prince must gain the populace’s trust through acts such as not raising taxes. The prince must also take his empire into consideration before plunging into war (Chapter 9). If the prince does simple acts to make the common people happy then he will have his greatest ally.
3. According to Machiavelli, when is generosity a good thing? (Be specific, identify, and cite his argument).
Generosity is a difficult topic in The Prince. Machiavelli says that generosity is basically a no-win situation, and the prince must choose the worse of the two. Machiavelli states that it is better to be known as generous and a miser rather than ungenerous. If a prince’s generosity goes unknown then his subjects will protest, but if he is overly lavish he will create problems for himself and his principality (Chapter 16).
The prince will be labeled a miser but his subjects will also come to realize that he is generous. Machiavelli says that being labeled a miser is a common part of being a ruler. Enough people will realize that the prince is generous so they will not try to contest his position of authority (Chapter 16).
Machiavelli also suggests that when a prince has the opportunity to take from himself and his subject or from someone else, he should always take from someone else. It does no harm for a prince to take possessions, money, and power away from a stranger. The common people will see the prince’s act of generosity and appreciate it because the generosity has not affected them in any negative way (Chapter 16).
4. Use The Beatitudes to argue against Machiavelli.
Machiavelli wrote the prince with a pessimistic view of the world. He believed that a prince had to be ruthless and strategic if he wanted to become a prince or stay a prince (The Prince). The Beatitudes, however, contradict Machiavelli’s thinking process. The Beatitudes counter Machiavelli’s argument through forgiveness, kindness, and righteousness.
The fifth Beatitude says, “Blessed are the merciful, for they will be shown mercy.” Machiavelli teaches that mercy should be given out very sparingly. He says that mercy should not be shown in battle, towards the overthrown regime, or the common people who break the laws of the principality (Chapter 7&17). Machiavelli’s argument has one major flaw: if a prince shows no mercy towards his people then they will rebel against him. If Machiavelli followed the fifth Beatitude and showed mercy, than his enemies would be more likely to show mercy towards him. The prince’s subjects would also be less likely to rebel against a prince who treated them with care rather than violence (Line 7).
The sixth Beatitude is about the kindness of the human heart. It says, “Blessed are the pure in heart, for they will see God.” Machiavelli, however, states that a good prince is deceitful without his subjects knowing that he is. Machiavelli claims that a powerful prince can appear trustworthy while carrying out his own agenda (Chapter 18). The Beatitudes say that a pure heart will bring power and prestige. A pure heart, unlike honestly, cannot be staged. A pure heart cannot back fire like dishonesty can. If a prince listened to the Beatitudes opposed to Machiavelli then the prince would not run the risk of being caught (Line 8).
The fourth Beatitude is in regards to righteousness, “Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they will be filled.” Machiavelli arguments throughout the novel can be seen as immoral and heartless (Chapter 19). The way to win over people is not through lack of morals and boundaries. A prince needs to have morals, or be righteous, to properly lead his people in a direction that is in the best interest of the principality. A prince without morals would not hesitate to put his principality in danger for his own plan (Line 6).
5. Use Machiavelli to argue against The Beatitudes.
The Beatitudes and The Prince were written in very different contexts and therefore highly contradict each other. The Prince was written based on political strategies and did not concern religion, while the Beatitudes are a major aspect of the Catholic religion. Machiavelli could then argue against the Beatitudes saying that they do not belong in the world of politics. Machiavelli disproves the need for religion in politics through the examples of forgiveness, kindness, and righteousness.
Machiavelli discusses the need for cruelty when ruling a principality. He states that if a prince defeats another principality then he has to show this authority by destroying the members of the previous ruling family. He also exercises the point that mercy should not be given out to common people who break the laws of the principality in extreme ways (Chapter 7&8). The fifth Beatitude claims that, “Blessed are the merciful, for they will be shown mercy," (Line 7). A prince cannot be merciful most of the time because it is a sign of weakness. If a prince let his enemies free to do as they please, then no one would be afraid of rebelling against that prince. A prince has to make a point to show mercy to his subjects occasionally, but also show them that criminals will not be tolerated (Chapter 8).
Historians look at Machiavelli and kind is not the first word that comes to mind. Machiavelli said for a prince to be successful he had to be sly and sometimes dishonest (Chapter 18). The sixth Beatitude states, “Blessed are the pure in heart, for they will see God.” Machiavelli can counter this argument with the fact that it is not best for a prince to have a pure heart if he wants what is best for his principality (Line 8). Sometimes lies need to be told to the populace to avoid the havoc truth can bring. Machiavelli took into consideration all scenarios before involving complete honesty.
The Prince is not considered a novel based on morals. Machiavelli considered morals to be unimportant to a prince, if they did not leave him in charge of a principality. Machiavelli knew said a prince had to cheat and do deceitful things sometimes to get ahead (Chapter 19). The Beatitudes say, “Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness,” (Line 6). Morals do not have a major role in politics. Morals are not normally needed for political decisions.
References
The Holy Bible: New International Version. (1993). New York: Harpertorch. (Original work published null)
Machiavelli, N. (1984). The Prince (Bantam Classics). New York: Bantam Classics.
Microsoft. (2002). Microsoft Encarta Dictionary (Reissue ed.). New York: St. Martin's Paperbacks.
Saturday, October 16, 2010
Link to Elizabethan Movie Trailer
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BtxnluYIX1k
Also in the group: Jay, Etkins, Rebecca Driver, and Jordan Martin
Also in the group: Jay, Etkins, Rebecca Driver, and Jordan Martin
Wednesday, October 6, 2010
Extra Credit: Renaissance Festival
Sunday, October 3, 2010
(REPOSTED) Was Henry VIII justified in divorcing Catherine and making himself head of the Church of England?
Was Henry VIII justified in divorcing Catherine and making himself head of the Church of England?
Henry VIII, king of England, was not justified in divorcing Catherine of Aragon based on religious and political aspects. He was a man of the Church, and because of this his act of divorcing Catherine was not right. Henry was justified in making himself head of the Church of England for political and historical reasons. Henry took into account the laws and history of England before declaring himself head of the Church of England. For these reasons, he was more than justified in naming himself the head of the Church of England.
Henry VIII wanted the Tudor name to continue on after he died. To do this, Henry needed to produce a male heir. Unable to achieve this with Catherine of Aragon, Henry sought a divorce issued from the Catholic Church. Henry had read in the Bible somewhere that it was “blighted in the eyes of God” to marry your brother’s wife after he died (The Bible). Henry used that statement as ammunition in a plea for an annulment from Pope Clement VII. Henry claimed that because of that statement the marriage of Catherine and himself was never valid. Pope Clement denied the request for the annulment. The Pope could not annul the marriage because of Canon Law, but other reasons may have factored into the Pope’s decision (Canon Law 1st century). At the time, Charles V was the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Charles V was Catherine of Aragon’s nephew. Because of the Catholic Church being within the Holy Roman Empire, the Pope would rather make an enemy with the King of England than the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (Coronation of Charles V, 1516).
Despite having Parliament on his side, Henry could not get the Archbishop of Canterbury to go against the Pope’s decision. Advisors, lawyers, and clergymen all advised Parliament not to go against the Pope’s decision. Henry divorced Catherine because he could not get an annulment (Letter of Thomas Cramer 1533). The Church did not recognize Henry and Catherine’s divorce as legitimate. Henry also decided to marry Anne Boleyn, which the Church also did not recognize. Since Henry was still a part of the Catholic Church at the time of his divorce to Catherine, he was not justified in his actions.
Henry VIII’s marriage to Anne Boleyn caused an even larger rift between the Catholic Church and England. The Pope, wanting Henry to admit his marriage to Boleyn was invalid, threatened Henry with excommunication. Henry, along with Anne, researched documents and found that he, as ruler of England, was entitled to rule the Church in England. Through a series of documents, the Act in Restraint of Appeals and the Act of Supremacy, King Henry was effectively made the head of the Church of England. The Act in Restraint of Appeals was made by Parliament in 1533, and it stated all of England’s complaints against the Catholic Church starting in the 1920s. The idea for this document was started by one of Henry’s advisors, Thomas Cromwell, who said the document would make it seem as if the government was completely behind Henry’s decision to divorce Catherine and marry Anne (Act in Restraint of Appeals). In 1534, the Act of Supremacy came out stating that Henry VIII and all his successors had supremacy over the Church of England, not the Pope . The act was made by Parliament so it was legal. Because the acts were legal and made by Parliament, Henry was justified in making himself the head of the Church of England (Act of Supremacy 1534).
Ultimately, King Henry VIII was excommunicated from the Catholic Church but became head of the Church of England. Henry was unjustified in divorcing Catherine, but justified in making himself the head of the Church of England. The main difference between one being justified and the other unjustified was that one was legal and the other was not. Henry went through legal measures to make himself the head of the Church of England. Henry, however, broke the laws of the Catholic Church when he divorced Catherine. Simple distinctions made all the difference between King Henry VIII’s actions.
References
Medieval Sourcebook: Letter of Thomas Cranmer, 1533. (n.d.). FORDHAM.EDU. Retrieved October 1, 2010, from http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cramner-hen8.html
Primary Sources - Letter from Katharine of Aragon to her husband, King Henry VIII, 16 September 1513. (n.d.). EnglishHistory.net. Retrieved October 1, 2010, from http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter2.html
Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her daughter, Princess Mary, April 1534. (n.d.). EnglishHistory.net. Retrieved October 1, 2010, from http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter3.html
Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her husband, King Henry VIII, 7 January 1536. (n.d.). EnglishHistory.net. Retrieved October 1, 2010, from http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter5.html
Primary Sources: A contemporary description of Henry VIII, 1515. (n.d.). EnglishHistory.net. Retrieved October 1, 2010, from http://englishhistory.net/tudor/henrydes.html
Primary Sources: The coronations of King Henry VIII and Katharine of Aragon, 1509. (n.d.). EnglishHistory.net. Retrieved October 1, 2010, from http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8crown.html
Primary Sources: The coronations of King Henry VIII and Katharine of Aragon, 1509. (n.d.). EnglishHistory.net. Retrieved October 1, 2010, from http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8crown.html
The Act in Restraint of Appeals. (n.d.). History Learning Site. Retrieved October 1, 2010, from http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/act_restraint_appeals.htm
The Act of Supremacy. (n.d.). Then Again. . .. Retrieved October 1, 2010, from http://www.thenagain.info/Classes/Sources/ActSupremacy.html
Friday, September 24, 2010
Thomas Wolsey, Anne Boleyn, and Catherine of Aragon
Catherine of Aragon was born on December 16, 1485 and died on January 7, 1536. She was the first wife of Henry VIII. First she was married to Prince Arthur but he died within a few months of their betrothal and so she married his brother, King Henry. Henry and Catherine had a daughter together, Mary. Henry divorced her so he could marry Anne Boleyn. When Henry divorced Catherine she was banished from the court. She was forced to live in small castles and had very few servants. She died three weeks after her fiftieth birthday.
http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/aragon.html
http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letters.html
http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter2.html
Thomas Wolsey
Thomas Wolsey was born in the years between 1471- or 1475 and died on 29 November 1530. He was an English political figure and cardinal of the Roman Catholic church. Thomas' main legacy is from his interest in architecture in particular his old home of Hampton Court palace which still stands today. He became an archbishop of York and held the second most important seat in England. He started send letters to princes and orators in Rome reproaching the king. After a year, the king finally had enough and order the cardinal to be arrested. The King then order Sir William Kingston Knight to bring the cardinal to the Abby of Leicester. Here, Thomas Wolsey was weak and ill and subsequently died on the second night there.
Anne Boleyn
It is unknown when exactly Anne Boleyn was born, but now most historians agree that it was in 1499. Anne spent her childhood in France, and returned to England in 1521. She was not a ravishing beauty, even with her long dark hair and dark brown eyes that looked almost black. However, she used her looks to her advantage, and even got the king to notice her. She refused to be his mistress—she would only settle for being his wife. However, Henry VIII was married to Katherine of Aragon at the time, and the Church refused to let him divorce her. However, Henry broke from the Church, and they were married in 1533. Sadly, Anne was unable to bear a son, and Henry, growing impatient, found another mistress. Anne was then charges with incest, treason, and adultery, locked in the Tower, and finally executed.
Thursday, September 23, 2010
The War of the Roses, Richard III, and the Rise of the Tudors: Assignment
Part I
Henry V:
Henry V ruled from 1413-1422, and was from the House of Lancaster. He fought the French in the Hundred Years War, and his most famous battle is the Battle of Agincourt. Henry died at age 35 of an unknown illness.
Henry VI:
Henry VI was crowned King of England and King of France as an infant and ruled from 1422-1461. He lost the Hundred Years War and almost all of England’s French territories. He suffered from mental illness and therefore lost his crown to Richard, duke of York. He fought with Richard, a Yorkist, and began the War of the Roses.
Edward IV:
Edward VI ruled from 1461-1470. He was the first king from the Yorkist family, and had fought alongside his father, Richard, to gain control of the throne. Eventually Edward had to flee Lancastrian forces but he returned a year later and defeated the Lancastrians. He had Henry VI executed.
Henry VI:
Henry regained control of the crown in 1470, but quickly lost it a year later. Henry was executed by Edward IV on May 21, 1471.
Edward IV:
Edward VI ruled from 1471-1483. He defeated the Lancastrian forces and had Henry VI executed. Edward died in 1983 but he left behind two young sons, Edward V and Richard.
Edward V:
Edward V was to become king at age 12. Edward, however, was captured by his uncle, Richard III, and confined in the tower of London. Soon after, Edward was declared illegitimate by Parliament and Richard III had Edward and his brother murdered.
Richard III:
Richard III ruled from 1483-1485. He was made king because he had his nephews, who were in line for the thrown, detained and murdered. Richard was killed by Henry VII at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485.
Henry VII:
Henry VII was crowned in 1485 and was the first Tudor to be crowned king. Henry VII was the head of the Lancastrian household and he fought Yorkist forces to become king. He died in April 1509.
Part II
Why did Shakespeare portray Richard III the way he did?
Shakespeare portrayed Richard III the way he did because he was heavily influenced by Sir Thomas More's view of Richard III. More researched Richard III by conducting interviews with Richard III's enemies and those who served him. More also did research by looking at the work of a bishop who was Yorkist but became Lancastrian during Richard's reign. Either way, all the people had reasons for not necessarily telling the truth about Richard and therefore casting him in a dark light to future writers like Shakespeare.
Traditionalist: A traditionalist source is one whose views were based upon wanting to keep things the same, one who did not oppose the current regime. In Richard III's time, a traditionalist source would most likely be someone of the House of York.
Revolutionist: A revolutionist source is one who would want the current monarchy overthrown. In the time of Richard III, a revolutionist source would probably be someone of the Lancastrian family or the Tudor family. Richard III was Yorkist and therefore a revolutionist would be someone of a different house.
Lancastrian: Lancastrian was a view of or pertaining to the House of Lancaster. The house of Lancaster was a branch of the House of Plantagenet. A Lancastrian source would be a source that supported the house of Lancaster, especially during the War of the Roses.
Ricardian: A Ricardian source is a view of someone who wants to restore Richard III's reputation as a "good king." After Richard III died many rumors, started by the Tudors, damaged Richard's reputation and cast him in a dark light.
from Vergil, Polydore. Anglica Historia, Books 23-25. London: J. B. Nichols, 1846. : Lancastrian
The first entry is very much a Lancastrian view of Richard III. I would have to say so because of the following quotes:
"Richard having by this meane obtaynyd almost his hartes desire, convaighed his nephewys from the bysshop of Londons howse unto the Towr;"
"Wherfor, burning with rage incredible to bring to effect the thing which in mynd was resolvyd, he drew a plot for the lord Hastinges as foloweth"
"when he showld geave a signe they showld suddaynly rushe owt, and, compassing about them who should syt with him, to lay handes specyally uppon William lord Hastinges, and kill him forthwith."
These quotes talk about how Richard III had his nephews captured and killed, so he could become king. The quotes used descriptive words that imply that Richard was devious and was getting just what he wanted through these actions.
Horace Walpole (1768): Ricardian
The second entry is one of a Ricardian view. I can tell because of the following quotes:
"The old countess of Desmond, who had danced with Richard, declared he was the handsomest man in the room except his brother Edward, and was very well made."
"Richard, who was slender and not tall, had one shoulder a little higher than the other: a defect, by the magnifying glasses of party, by distance of time, and by the amplification of tradition, easily swelled to shocking deformity"
"What feature in this portrait gives any idea of a monster? Or who can believe that an eye-witness, and so minute a painter, would have mentioned nothing but the inequality of the shoulders, if Richard's form had been a compound of ugliness? Could a Yorkist have drawn a less disgusting representation?"
The quotes above discuss how Richard was a very handsome man, just like his brother Edward. It is also mentioned that Richard had one slight imperfection, one should higher than the other, that through the spread of gossip and time was called a major deformity.
Citations for Part II
"lancastrian." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 25 Sep. 2010. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lancastrian>.
"revolutionist." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 25 Sep. 2010. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/revolutionist>.
"Ricardian (Richard III)." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 12 Sept. 2010. Web. 25 Sept. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardian_(Richard_III)>.
"traditionalist." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 25 Sep. 2010. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/traditionalist>.
Part III
Richard III
In consequence,
Part II
Why did Shakespeare portray Richard III the way he did?
Shakespeare portrayed Richard III the way he did because he was heavily influenced by Sir Thomas More's view of Richard III. More researched Richard III by conducting interviews with Richard III's enemies and those who served him. More also did research by looking at the work of a bishop who was Yorkist but became Lancastrian during Richard's reign. Either way, all the people had reasons for not necessarily telling the truth about Richard and therefore casting him in a dark light to future writers like Shakespeare.
Traditionalist: A traditionalist source is one whose views were based upon wanting to keep things the same, one who did not oppose the current regime. In Richard III's time, a traditionalist source would most likely be someone of the House of York.
Revolutionist: A revolutionist source is one who would want the current monarchy overthrown. In the time of Richard III, a revolutionist source would probably be someone of the Lancastrian family or the Tudor family. Richard III was Yorkist and therefore a revolutionist would be someone of a different house.
Lancastrian: Lancastrian was a view of or pertaining to the House of Lancaster. The house of Lancaster was a branch of the House of Plantagenet. A Lancastrian source would be a source that supported the house of Lancaster, especially during the War of the Roses.
Ricardian: A Ricardian source is a view of someone who wants to restore Richard III's reputation as a "good king." After Richard III died many rumors, started by the Tudors, damaged Richard's reputation and cast him in a dark light.
from Vergil, Polydore. Anglica Historia, Books 23-25. London: J. B. Nichols, 1846. : Lancastrian
The first entry is very much a Lancastrian view of Richard III. I would have to say so because of the following quotes:
"Richard having by this meane obtaynyd almost his hartes desire, convaighed his nephewys from the bysshop of Londons howse unto the Towr;"
"Wherfor, burning with rage incredible to bring to effect the thing which in mynd was resolvyd, he drew a plot for the lord Hastinges as foloweth"
"when he showld geave a signe they showld suddaynly rushe owt, and, compassing about them who should syt with him, to lay handes specyally uppon William lord Hastinges, and kill him forthwith."
These quotes talk about how Richard III had his nephews captured and killed, so he could become king. The quotes used descriptive words that imply that Richard was devious and was getting just what he wanted through these actions.
Horace Walpole (1768): Ricardian
The second entry is one of a Ricardian view. I can tell because of the following quotes:
"The old countess of Desmond, who had danced with Richard, declared he was the handsomest man in the room except his brother Edward, and was very well made."
"Richard, who was slender and not tall, had one shoulder a little higher than the other: a defect, by the magnifying glasses of party, by distance of time, and by the amplification of tradition, easily swelled to shocking deformity"
"What feature in this portrait gives any idea of a monster? Or who can believe that an eye-witness, and so minute a painter, would have mentioned nothing but the inequality of the shoulders, if Richard's form had been a compound of ugliness? Could a Yorkist have drawn a less disgusting representation?"
The quotes above discuss how Richard was a very handsome man, just like his brother Edward. It is also mentioned that Richard had one slight imperfection, one should higher than the other, that through the spread of gossip and time was called a major deformity.
Citations for Part II
"lancastrian." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 25 Sep. 2010. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lancastrian>.
"revolutionist." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 25 Sep. 2010. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/revolutionist>.
"Ricardian (Richard III)." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 12 Sept. 2010. Web. 25 Sept. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardian_(Richard_III)>.
"traditionalist." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 25 Sep. 2010. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/traditionalist>.
Part III
Richard III
Born was I, in fourteen fifty-two
Known as Richard Plantagenet.
My father was Duke of York
And my mother was Cecily.[1]
But father died when I was young
In the Battle of Wakefield[2]
Upon my father’s death,
My brother Edward IV was made king.
I was named Duke of Gloucester
And Knight of the Garter and Knight of the Bath[3]
My brother died and left behind
Two sons to succeed the throne.
I became Lord Protector of the two,
But I really wanted to become king.
Desperate was I,
A message was read
That my dead brother’s wife
Had an illegitimate marriage.[4]
In consequence,
I won the test
And I was named king after all.[4]
My nephews disappeared,
Never to be seen again.
Some claim it was I,
Who murdered the pair
But the truth shall never be known.[5]
During my reign
I established many things,
I met my despise
In fourteen eighty-five
At the Battle of Bosworth Fielde[6]
Henry Tudor, with his Lancastrian forces,
Stoke my army a blow.
We trudged and we fought
With all that we could
But it was simply not enough.[6]
Eventually he got to me,
Ready to strike
And I did meet my end.
Henry Tudor defeated me,
And took with him the crown of England.[5]
[1] "Polydore Vergil." Polydore Vergil. Web. 25 Sept. 2010. <http://www.richard111.com/polydore_vergil.htm>.
[2] "Battle of Wakefield." Google Maps. Web. 25 Sept. 2010. <http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=battle of wakefield&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=Battle of Wakefield&gl=us&ei=5CGeTNieO4XElQfilIjLAQ&sa=X&oi=geocode_result&ct=title&resnum=1&ved=0CBkQ8gEwAA>.
[3] "Biography on King Richard III." Richard 111. Web. 25 Sept. 2010. <http://www.richard111.com/Biography on King Richard III.htm>.
[5] More, Thomas. "Richard III." Richard III Society - American Branch. Web. 25 Sept. 2010. <http://www.r3.org/bookcase/more/moretext.html>.
[6] "Richard III Society- Ballad of Bosworth, Text." Richard III Society - American Branch. Web. 25 Sept. 2010. <http://www.r3.org/bosworth/ballad2.html>.
Henry Tudor
Henry Tudor
Born was I in fourteen fifty-seven.
But I did not really live,
Until the Battle of Bosworth Fielde
Where I won the beautiful crown.[1]
Through the battle I ended the reign
Of the House of Plantagenet.
A new family would come to rise,
The Tudor dynasty.
I lived my life
With my lovely wife,
Elizabeth of York.[2]
My marriage to her combined the houses
Of York and Lancaster.
This unification ensured my crown
And gave my reign a chance to blossom.
I had seven children with my wife,
But only four did survive.
Arthur, Henry, Margaret, Mary
The future descendents of the throne.
During my reign,
I accomplished many things.
I secured the political stability in my country
With a few simple acts.[3]
My eldest son, Arthur,
Perished before I.
But his alliance to the Spanish,
We did want to keep alive.[4]
So my son Henry,
Stepped forth at once
And became betrothed
To Catherine of Aragon. [5]
However, as time came to pass
The marriage did not sit right with me.
I never did see the marriage of my Henry.
I did die in 1509
Of a disease called tuberculosis.[6]
My Henry took the crown
And the Tudor name continued on.[7]
[1] "Richard III Society- Ballad of Bosworth, Text." Richard III Society - American Branch. Web. 25 Sept. 2010. <http://www.r3.org/bosworth/ballad2.html>.
[2] Vergil, Polyvore. "A Description of Henry VII." TudorHistory.org. Web. 25 Sept. 2010. <http://tudorhistory.org/primary/description.html>.
[3] "Avalon Project - The Letters Patents of King Henry the Seventh Granted Unto Iohn Cabot." Avalon Project - Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy. Web. 25 Sept. 2010. <http://avalon.law.yale.edu/15th_century/cabot01.asp>.
[4] "Primary Sources: The Death of Prince Arthur Tudor, 1502." EnglishHistory.net. Web. 25 Sept. 2010. <http://englishhistory.net/tudor/darthur.html>.
[5] "Primary Sources - Letter from Katharine of Aragon to Her Husband, King Henry VIII, 16 September 1513." EnglishHistory.net. Web. 25 Sept. 2010. <http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter2.html>.
[6] "Primary Sources: The Obituary of King Henry VII, 1509." EnglishHistory.net. Web. 25 Sept. 2010. <http://englishhistory.net/tudor/hobit.html>.
[7] "Primary Sources: The Coronations of King Henry VIII and Katharine of Aragon, 1509."EnglishHistory.net. Web. 25 Sept. 2010. <http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8crown.html>.
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