Kaplan Key Terms: Chapter 3
- Roman Catholic Church: centered in Italy, run by the Pope, established because the Christian Church split in 1054
- Eastern Orthodox Church: In 1054, the Christian Church formally split into the Roman Catholic Church, centered in Italy, and the Eastern Orthodox Church, centered in Constantinople.
- Crusades: A series of wars fought in an attempt to capture the Holy Land from Muslims control. The Christian crusaders who survived brought back with them silks, porcelains, and spices, which introduced Europe to Asian goods. They also gained knowledge of Arabic medicine, science, and navigation, which were superior to European knowledge at the time.
- Bubonic Plague (Black Death): A deadly disease caused by a bacillus, which was carried by fleas living on black rats. It arrived in Italy from the Middle East in the middle of the 14th century and quickly spread throughout Europe. The disease lasted for two to three years and killed around 30 percent of the population.
- Gunpowder: An invention that completely changed the Western world. The development of gunpowder led to warfare conducted with muskets and cannons rather than with bows and swords.
- Medici: Merchants in Florence who went into banking as the flow of money increased.
- Oligarchies: Committees of the wealthy and powerful members of society who ruled the Italian city-states.
- Condottieri: Foreign mercenaries who were hired for security purposes in the Italian city-states.
- New Monarchies: Centralized bureaucracy and professional armies. People Considered to be New Monarchs: Charles VII, Louis XI, Henry VII, Ferdinand and Isabella.
- Humanism: A secular conception of life adopted during the Renaissance that emphasized individualism
- Renaissance Man: The ideal person who used his opportunities, demonstrated control, and was casually expert in many areas.
- Virtu: A wide range of skills possessed by a Renaissance man, which included the ability to dance, fight, write poetry, converse with women, or ride a horse.
- Perspective: Painters of the Renaissance employ this artistic style, which gave their work depth and a sense of the three-dimensional.
- Leonardo DaVinci: A Renaissance artist whose extensive knowledge of the human form is reflected in his art.
- Michelangelo: A Renaissance artist who used oil paint to create more individually lifelike images.
- Frescoes: Paintings done by mixing color into wet plaster on a wall or ceiling. Da Vinci's The Last Supper and Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel paintings are examples of such works.
- Madonnas: One of the religious icons depicted by Renaissance artists.
- Raphael Sanzio: A Renaissance artist who painted religious topics, including the Madonna and Child.
- Pieta: A popular Renaissance sculpture featuring Mary cradling the body of the crucified Jesus.
- Filippo Brunelleschi: His creation of the dome remains one of the most influential innovations in Renaissance architecture.
- Dante Alighieri: In the 1300s, this writer wrote his Divine Comedy in Florentine Italian.
- Francesco Petrarch: A Renaissance poet who used Italian to create sonnets.
- Giovanni Boccaccio (The Decameron): A Renaissance writer who focused on secular tales.
- Baldassare Castiglione (The Courtier): One of the greatest nonfiction literary creations of the Southern Renaissance, it described the proper behavior for Renaissance men and women.
- Niccolo Machiavelli: wrote the Prince along with several other novels
- Christian Humanists: Christian-based thinkers and writers who were more spiritual in their outlook, less materialistic, and more focused on questions of morality and ethics.
- New universities: schools of education being established in the North and Italy during the Renaissance
- Fugger: A family of merchants and bankers in the German states.
- Thomas More (Utopia): An English scholar who described an ideal society in which the goal for all inhabitants was to develop their rational faculties. Material possessions had no value, and adults divided their time between manual labor and study.
- Desiderius Erasmus: A clergyman from the Netherlands who believed in the goodness of humanity. He advocated the study of the Bible and the classics, emphasizing the lie and teachings of Jesus and ignoring the ideas of original sin and the power of relics. His Praise of Folly made fun of the worldliness and superstitition of the Church.
- Mysticism: The Northern Renaissance religious way of thinking which said that individuals could commune with God without the Church.
- Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life: A prominent group in the Netherlands that developed outside the traditional Church. They practiced a faith and lifestyle called Modern Devotion, in which men and women lived separately and communally but were not monks or nuns. They took no vows, wore no special clothes and could leave at will. Their teaching emphasized humility, tolerance, reverence, love of neighbor, and duty.
- Flemish masters: Northern Renaissance artists who constructed realistic portraits in oil.
- Star Chamber: A royal court, established by Henry VII of England, for offending nobility. It was conducted without a jury.
- Inquisition: A Church court that was vigilant in enforcing religious uniformity.
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