Midterm Exam

FRQ #4

Outline:
Thesis: The Protestant Reformation severed any political ties between European countries such as, England and Spain; and allowed for countries, such as the Dutch Republic to separate from Spain, and prosper to become a dominant world power.

I. Discuss how Elizabeth brought back the Protestant faith in England (the Anglican Church) and this ruined   any ties with Spain who was a Catholic country.
II. The Dutch prospered because they separated themselves from the rest of the Netherlands and Spain who was Catholic. They dominated trade and so forth.
III. Compare which country was the biggest winner from these changes

The Protestant Reformation occurred in many countries of Europe, causing major political and social changes. Spain, a top European power, was a strongly Catholic country which influenced many of its political aspects. England and the Dutch Republic were rising powers that benefited greatly from the Protestant Reformation. The Protestant Reformation severed any political ties between European countries such as, England and Spain; and allowed for countries, such as the Dutch Republic to separate from Spain, and prosper to become a dominant world power.

Spain and England lost connection when Henry VIII separated from the Catholic Church. However, under the rule of Mary I, also known as Bloody Mary, Catholic rule was restored to England. After Mary died and Elizabeth I claimed the throne to England, she restored the Anglican Church, a branch of Protestantism. Spain, being a Catholic country, sent the Spanish Armada to fight the English Navy in hopes of taking over England. Elizabeth had her navy ready and they defeated the Spanish Armada. After this, Spain's power decreased greatly while England's power continued to rise.

During the Protestant Reformation, the northern Netherlands decided to split from the rest of the Netherlands and Spain to become an independent country because they were Protestant and wanted to practice their religion freely. Spain, which was Catholic, controlled the Netherlands so northern Netherlands and Spain went to war. Northern Netherlands won, resulting in the creation of the Dutch Republic. The Dutch Republic prospered in the sixteenth century. Most banking and trade was run by the Dutch Republic so the country became an economic and social power. Spain's power continued to decline.

These effects caused by the Protestant Reformation lasted for much of the sixteenth century and for some, even longer. The English proved to be the most beneficial from the Reformation because their rising status continued well into the next few centuries. The Dutch Republic's power did not last as long. Eventually the Dutch Republic lost some of its prestige and power because the English began to take over trade. English power seeped into other areas of economics such as colonization.

The effects of the Protestant Reformation had major consequences for the political and social aspects of Europe. England proved to be a dominate power of the time, while Spain only suffered. The differences in religion started many wars and ultimately led to the downfall of certain nation, and the rise of others.

FRQ #3

Outline:
Thesis: Spain, the Dutch Republic, and England began colonies in the New World which led to an increase of global trade by England and new tensions about international relations between these three countries. 

I. Spain had lots of exploration in South and Central America, barely any in North America. They stayed out of North America because the English were starting colonies in North America and they wanted to stay out of the way of the English
II. The Dutch Republic was prospering, especially in trade, so they decided to expand to colonies. They started New Amsterdam
III. The English joined in the race for colonization so they started colonies at Plymouth Rock and Jamestown. They also annexed New Amsterdam from the Dutch which resulted in bad relations with the Dutch.

European countries joined in a new race in the seventeenth: to colonize territories in the New World. The period of exploration resulted in Europeans powers racing to expand their countries. These new colonies, however, led to new problems between European countries. Spain, the Dutch Republic, and England began colonies in the New World which led to an increase of global trade by England and new tensions about international relations between these three countries. 

Spain had lost some its power in the sixteenth century. In the seventeenth century, Spain was eager to gain some of it power back through colonization. Spain set up colonies in Central and South America for the most part. Spain did not try to gain territories in northern North America because England was beginning to colonize there. Spain had suffered major loses in the sixteenth century to Spain, and they did not want their power reduced even more. Tensions were still high between Spain and England, so Spain tried to better international relations by staying out of England's way.

The Dutch Republic had risen as a power in the sixteenth century. Their power was mostly gained through control of trade. The Dutch Republic expanded in the New World through the colony of New Amsterdam. England was colonizing North America at the same time, and annexed New Amsterdam and renamed it New York. The Dutch and the English went to war in what is known as the Anglo-Dutch wars. England came out on top, and was the new trade power. All throughout Europe; Africa; and now the Americas, the English were the dominate trade power.

The English started colonies at Plymouth Rock and Jamestown, and continued to expand throughout the eastern coast of North America. They annexed territories from other countries, such as New Amsterdam from the Dutch. Annexing territories made international relation's between some countries difficult, but no one could stop the English. The English were trading with most of Western Europe, parts of Asia (such as India), and even Africa.

Expansion was the theme of the seventeenth century. World powers looked to increase the size of their empire and their power. Spain, the Dutch Republic, and England all took part in colonization and expansion. England, however, dominated trade and was unable to be stopped.

DBQ

Outline:

Thesis: The participants of the Pilgrimage of Grace wanted to restore Catholicism to England because they feared being convicted for their faith; while those who opposed the movement, such as Thomas Cromwell or King Henry VIII, wanted the Catholic marchers to feel  misinformed and outnumbered so that England would remain a Protestant country.

I. the concerns (that they want be able to practice their religion and that they will be convicted because they are Catholic) and goals (restore Catholicism and get rid of Cromwell) of the marchers; use documents 2, 5, 6, and maybe 3
II. still talk about the concerns of the marchers, more though about how they were fighting for a cause (maybe use documents 1 & 11)
III. the concerns (that their might be enough people who side with the rebels and then King Henry's and Cromwell's status will be threatened) and goals of the King and his people (to convince the general public that they are misinformed and that the King will forgive the commoners); use documents 7 & 9

The Pilgrimage of Grace was a direct result of King Henry VIII separating from the Roman Catholic Church. The idea of Protestantism was still new to England so man Catholic commoners rebelled against it. The Reformation was being led by Oliver Cromwell and King Henry VIII. The participants of the Pilgrimage of Grace wanted to restore Catholicism to England because they feared being convicted for their faith; while those who opposed the movement, such as Thomas Cromwell or King Henry VIII, wanted the Catholic marchers to feel  misinformed and outnumbered so that England would remain a Protestant country.


The Pilgrimage of Grace took place for almost half a year in the sixteenth century. It occurred because Catholics did not want England to become a Protestant country. Marchers of the pilgrimage made proclamations before protesting. One proclamation stated that the marchers had to rely on each other, God, and faith because their monarchy had failed them (doc. 2). This shows that the marchers were fearful for their lives and knew they only had their faith and each other to rely on. An article from from a  petition presented to the Kings Council written by Robert Aske, gentlemen, and Pontefract Castle said, "To have Thomas Cromwell, the Lord Chancellor, punished as a subverter of the good laws of this realm," (doc. 5). The marchers knew that Cromwell would continue to convict marchers and promote Protestantism. They tried convincing the King's Council that Cromwell was the one who should be persecuted, not them. Another document stated to an old member of Parliament, that Cromwell needed to be convicted or at least thrown out of the realm. The document also discussed the need to enforce a fair Parliament (doc. 6). The authors of this pamphlet were trying to exile all members of the Protestant Reformation so that they would not be found guilty.

The Pilgrimage of Grace was a type of counter reformation. The Catholics in England wanted to prove that Catholicism was the better religion, for fear of being convicted. One man, shortly before his execution, argued that the change from Catholicism to Protestantism was bad for the economy of the country. He said priests, farmers, and ministry members are no longer getting paid and that their money is going to the king (doc. 11). The marchers refused to give up on their cause because they were literally marching to save their lives. "The Oath of Honorable Men" had to be taken by marchers wanting to participate because they believed so strongly in their cause. The oath stated that they were marching for the betterment of England, the king, and themselves (doc. 1). The Catholics were fighting for their country.

Those opposing the movement of the Pilgrimage of Grace wanted to try and make the public think that they were misinformed about Protestantism. King Henry VIII wanted his new religion to flourish so he tried to make the public like him. In a document addressing the general population he said, "Nevertheless, the royal majesty, duly informed that your offenses proceeded from ignorance and false tales, is inclined to extend his most gracious pity and mercy towards you," (doc. 9). The king needed to seem as though he was going to forgive those who rebelled against because they did not know the truth about what they spoke. In actuality, another document from court records of the time showed that sixty-five percent of people tried for participating in the Pilgrimage of Grace were convicted (doc. 10). A writer for Thomas Cromwell wrote that those who were better to rule, such as Cromwell and King Henry VIII, should rule; and those who are of lesser value should listen and follow to the ideas of the better men (doc. 7).

The Pilgrimage of Grace showed the fight Catholics were making against Protestantism in the sixteenth century. The Catholics wanted their religion to remain dominant, because their religion was what they knew and they feared being convicted. Those who opposed the movement were mostly in places of power. King Henry VIII and Thomas Cromwell defended Protestantism and fought to keep the country united under one religion.